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英汉句法(句子)对比与翻译

2.他五岁时候,生了一场伤寒,变成了聋子。
He became deaf at five after an attack of typhoid fever. (Typhoid Mary伤寒病患者[带菌者]; 传染病患者) 讨论:T-shaped road会不会 更忠实原文?
3. 老栓正在专心走路,忽然吃了一惊,远远地看见一条丁字街,明 明白白横着。他便退了几步,寻到一家关着门的铺子,蹩进檐下,靠 门停住了。(鲁迅《药》)
最好等明天再来谈罢。
The best thing would be for you to come again tomorrow.
有时可以考虑通过词类转换将动词转化为抽象名词或名 词化结构,并将其置于主语位置来重设主语:
C-E 一看到这条河,我便想起了我的故乡。
The sight of the river reminds me of my hometown. E-C A new dignity crept into his walk. 他走起路来,不知不觉地添了几分尊严。
---Gu Hungming
Li Kuang was out hunting one time when he spied a rock in the grass which he mistook for a tiger. He shot an arrow at the rock and hit it with such force that the tip of the arrow embedded itself in the rock. Later, when he discovered that it was a rock, he tried shooting at it again, but he was unable to pierce it a second time.
(语序相对灵活)
汉语语序(1)
Relatively fixed (相对固定)
Order of time (时间先后顺序)
Words: 古今、先后、早晚、始终、老少、生 死
Idioms: 冬去春来、一呼百应、风平浪静 Phrases: 进城卖菜、离家出走、去教室看书 Sentences: 我们在美国读书的时候,结识了
句子是语言的基本使用单位。
The English are proud of the preciseness(严谨) of their language, while we Chinese are proud of the conciseness(简洁) of our mother tongue.
2、所有的树桠都从主干上分出来。 ·英语中六大成分明显地分为三个层次: (1)主语、谓语是主要成分,是所有句型 不可或缺的; (2)宾语、补语是连带成分,是有的句型 不可或缺的; (3)定语、状语是附加成分,一般来说, 对句子基本格局没有影响,凡是名词性的 成分都可加上定语,凡是动词或形容词成 分都可加上状语。
2、汉语句子的构造方式就像竹子一样是一节 一节拔起来的。竹节可多可少,是开放性的, 符合汉语句子界限不定的特点。
3、不存在主干的汉语句子在扩展时会引起结 构的不断变化。(汉语向左扩展,英语向右扩 展)(狮子型VS孔雀型)
狮子型与孔雀型
Chinese: left-extending, heavy-headed like a lion
汉语的连动句典型地反映出话题的后面一长串说明的特点,与英语的 句子一个主语和一个谓语相一致的结构大不相同。例如:
1.有个叫毛满珠的哑巴姑娘,翻过几重山来找王宾,痛苦地做着各 种手势,要求得到帮助。
There was a dumb girl called Mao Manzhu, who travelled over ranges of mountains to come to Wang Bin. With various painful gestures, she begged for Wang’s help.
Absorbed in his walking, Old Shuan was startled when he saw the crossroad lying distantly ahead of him. He walked back a few steps to stand under the eaves of a shop in front of its closed door.郜老师
1、句子有一个基本的主干。 ·主谓一致 ·五种/三种/图一种基本句型 He was laughing. My mother enjoys parties. The country become independent. Mary gave the visitor a glass of milk. Many people consider these books rather expensive.
说明:位于话题之后,对话题进行说明、解释或 质疑。“说明”部分与“话题”部分不存在一致 关系。“说明”可以是一个名词或动词,也可以 是一连串的名词短语或连动结构,还可以由形容 词及各种词组充当,对结尾没有限说明”(topic---comment)结构。
王克非
萧安郊
英语常使用物和事做主语;汉语喜欢用人做主语。 The thought of it terrified me. 一想到这我就后怕。 Words failed me. 我说不出话来。 It occurred to him to leave the whole thing to his wife. 他想把这桩事全部交由妻子打理。
一位木匠。有一天,木匠开车接我们去他家, 路上所谈,尽是木匠的事,深得其乐……
汉语语序(2)
Order of space (空间大小顺序)
Words: 大小、宽窄、粗细、长短、厚薄、胖瘦 Idioms: 大同小异、长话短说、厚古薄今 Addresses: 中国上海闵行区江川路690号 Sentences: 一到上海,我们首先想到浦东这片改革、
---Yip Po-Ching
Trunk line: S + V + (O) Branches and sub-branches : Adverbials and attributes
As a nation of gifted people who comprise about one-fourth of the total population of the earth, China plays in world affairs a role that can only grow more important in the years ahead.
---Yip Po-Ching
(汉):按思维程序的先后顺序,事情发生的 先后顺序 或逻辑关系反映在时间上的先后顺 序。(先原因后结果,先条件后结果,先目的 后行为,先让步后转折),句子内容在说明部 分逐项交代出来,犹如竹竿,一节连着一节, 又如流水,一波接着一波。
(郜老师)
1、汉语不存在一个主干结构,也没有主干和 枝杈之分。
和说明的对象,汉语里能作话语的成分比较灵活,可以 是词、短语、小句,这些灵活的话题会给汉译英带来一 些困难。 英语:主语突出,组织句子时首先要确定主语。
二、“话题—说明结构”与“主语—谓语” 结构
话题:说话人想要说明的对象,总放在句子的开 头。如果语言环境或上下文可以暗示话题,也可 以省略。
开放的热土。于是我们驾车来到陆家嘴金融开发区, 那节次鳞比、神态各异的摩天大楼令人眼花缭乱。我 们决定先登上东方明珠广播电视塔……
3、句子的复杂化不影响这个基本主干。 英语句子的扩展或者复杂化都是在主干基 础上进行的。 词类与句子成分的对应: 名词—主语、宾语;动词—谓语; 形容词—定语、补语;副词—状语。 担任句子成分的不仅可以是单词,还可以 是短语或从句
汉语中,动词用得多。在表达一些较复杂的思 想时,往往借助动词,按动作发生的顺序或逻 辑顺序,逐步交代,层层铺开,给人以舒缓明 快的感觉,其句子结构,有如一根竹子,一节 一节连下去。
汉语句子有时只有话题而隐含主语,有时找不到能做主 语的成分,汉译英时要考虑增补主语:
有时需增补表达泛指意义的人称代词或名词,如one, people, you, things等。
不到长城非好汉。
He who has never been to the Great Wall is not a true man.
树 一棵树 一棵大树 一棵枝繁叶茂的大树
校园里一棵枝繁叶茂的大树
成功大学校园里一棵枝繁叶茂的大树 巩义新区成功大学校园里一棵枝繁叶茂的大树
……
English: right-extending heavy-tailed like a peacock
This is the cat. This is the cat that killed the rat. This is the cat that killed the rat that ate the malt. This is the cat that killed the rat that ate the malt that lay in the
house. This is the cat that killed the rat that ate the malt that lay in the
house that was built by Jack. …
汉语的流水句
主谓型VS话题评论型
eg. 馒头他喂鸽了。
汉语:话题突出 话题不是主谓宾那样的语法成分,而是说话人陈述
语序
Chinese
Order of linguistic elements: relatively fixed like bamboomaking (制竹)
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