主语是执行句子的行为或动作的主体，如Байду номын сангаас“我写字”中的“我”，就是主语，它做出 “写”这个动作。
宾语是动作、行为的对象，是动作的 承受者。“字”是接受谓语“写”这 个动作的对象，它因此被称为宾语。
Examples:
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Smoking is harmful to your health. 吸烟有害健康。 (smoking在句中作主语。)
2. 动词接V-ing或to do 做宾语的区别 （意义差别很大）
1.时间不同 Frogs(蛙)是“两栖”，不是“过去”，就是 “将来” F ------------------ r -------- -------- og ----------- s forget remember / regret go on stop
It is/ was hardly/ scarely worth doing... 做...是不值得的。 It is hardly worth helping him. Helping him is hardly worth.
It is/ was useless doing... 做...是没有用处的。
2.意义不同 try + doing + to do mean + doing + to do
can't help to do 不能帮着做... can't help doing 禁不住做...
“试着做某事” “尽力做某事” “意味着” “想做某事”
b. 还有一类动词（短语）可接V-ing形 式或不定式做宾语，但意义区别较大。
3. V-ing做真正宾语，it做形式宾语的句型
用it做形式宾语，真正的宾语是V-ing短语，其 结构如下： think consider + it find feel like useless no use no good ...
It is no use waiting here．在这儿等是 没用的。(It为形式主语，waiting here 为真正的主语) waiting here is no use.
It is no good smoking. 吸烟是没有好处的。 (It为形式主语，smoking为真正的主语) smoking is no good.
②其他:can’t help （情不自禁)/insist on/put off(推迟)/can’t bear/ stand（不能 忍受） feel like/ succeed in/depend on /be fond of/be worth/ in addition to/have difficulty in doing
避免 错过 (少) 延期 avoid miss delay / postpone 建议 完成 (多) 练习 suggest / advise finish practise
喜欢 想象 禁不住 enjoy / appreciate imagine resist / can’t help
承认 否定 (与) 嫉妒 admit deny 逃脱 冒险 (莫) 原谅 escape risk pardon / excuse 忍受 保持 (不) 在意 stand keep/keep on mind
d. 注意: 在allow, advise, forbid, permit后 直接跟动名词作宾语，如果有名词或代 词作宾语，则构成“allow／advise／ forbid／permit ＋名词／代词＋不定式 (宾语补足语)”之形式。如： We don't allow smoking． We don't allow anybody to smoke． I wil permit doing so. to do so I will permit him ________.
二、动名词做宾语
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1. V-ing作动词的宾语 experience Content design, 10 years 2. 动词接V-ing或to do 做宾语的区别 3. V-ing做真正宾语，it做形式宾语的句型 4. 在下面几类句子中，介词in常可省略
singing 表示泛指行为唱歌 to sing 表示特指动作唱歌 on my friend's birthday party 具体的时间状语
动名词常用于简短的禁令中:
No smoking
No parking
No swimming
=No smoking is allowed (here).
V-ing用于布告形式的省略结构中。
1）作主语时，不定式与动名词一般可 以通用。 2） 动名词表示的动作通常是一个泛指 的动作,表示一种普遍性的事情或一种经 验和体会一般用动名词作主语。 3）不定式则通常表示具体的动作（指 句中有具体的时间、频率、地点、方式 状语）或将来的动作不定式作主语。
Singing is my hobby, and to sing _________ ________ on my friend's birthday party is my ———————————————————————— dream. 唱歌是我的爱好，在朋友的生日宴会 上唱歌是我的梦想。
try to do 尽力去做... try doing 试着去做... He didn't try to do it. why didn't you try riding a bike to go to school?
stop to do 停下来去做另一件事 stop doing 停止正在做的事情（不做某事）
envy
①常用的带介词 to 短语有:lead to /look forward to/devote… to /pay attention to/be(get)used to/get down to (开始认真 干)/object to/be opposed to（反对)/ be addicted to（沉溺于）
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1. V-ing作主语直接置于句首 Content design, 10 years experience
2. V-ing做主语置于句末，用it做形式主语
3. 常用V-ing形式做主语的句型
4. V-ing形式和to do 不定式 做主语时的区别
It is useless doing exercise. Doing exercise is useless.
There is/ was no point (in) doing... 做...没意义。 There is no point (in) trying to stop him.
4. V-ing形式和to do 不定式 做主语时的区别
1. V-ing做主语直接位于句首
Swimming is my favourite sport.
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游泳是我最喜欢的运动。
Learning new words is very important.
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学习新单词非常重要。
2. V-ing做主语置于句末，用it做形式主语
1. V-ing 做动词的宾语 某些动词后只能用动名词作宾语，常见的此类 动词有: admit, appreciate, excuse, stand, advise, allow, permit, avoid, consider, enjoy, finish, imagine, include, keep, mind,risk, miss,delay(延误), practise, suggest,can't stand（不能忍受） give up, put off, keep on, set about, succeed in, insist on, feel like, be/get used to(习惯于做...), devote…to…, look forward to, pay attention to, get down to(着手 做...) 等。
He stopped to read. He stopped reading.
mean to do 打算，意欲做... mean doing 意味着... I didn't mean to do that. Losing a bus in London means waiting for another hour. can't help to do 不能帮着做... can't help doing 禁不住做... He can't help to finish the work. He can't help crying.
He enjoys listening to music, playing
————— ————
mah-jong, swiming and reading.
—————— ————
他喜欢听音乐，打麻将，游泳和读书。
(listening, playing,swiming和reading在句中做宾语。)
一、动名词做主语
c. 注意：在need, require, want和worth 之后．动名词用主动式表示被动，不 定式要用被动式。如： Your watch needs repairing. =Your watch needs to be repaired． 你的表需要修理。 The sick baby requires examining. =The sick baby requires to be examined _____________.
3. 常用V-ing形式做主语的句型