Byronic heroA proud, mysterious, rebellious, gloomy figure of noble origin, with fiery passions and unbending will, expresses Byron’s own ideal of freedom. He rises against tyranny and injustice, but he’s merely a lone fighter striving for personal freedom.SonnetA sonnet is a 14-line lyric poem with a single theme. Sonnets vary but are usually written in iambic pentameter, following one of two traditional patterns: the Petrarchan or Italian sonnet and the Shakespearean or English sonnet. A sonnet generally expresses a single theme or idea.Sonnet是一种欧洲传统的非常有影响力的诗歌形式。
从形式上来说它有14行诗构成，通常是五步抑扬格，有着严格的特定的押韵方式。
莎士比亚的十四行诗非常出名。
Lake PoetsThe Lake Poets all lived in the Lake District of England at the turn of the nineteenth century. As a group, they followed no single "school" of thought or literary practice then known, although their works were uniformly disparaged by the Edinburgh Review. They are considered part of the Romantic Movement早期浪漫主义诗人Wordsworth，Coleridge和Southey，也被称为湖畔派诗人。
他们都住在英国西北部的湖区，并且在文学和社会见解上有着一致性。
湖畔派诗人主要回忆快乐的旧英格兰时代，把自然看作是精神上的避难所，因为他们惧怕即将到来的工业化和城市化。
Metaphysical poetry（玄学派诗歌）Metaphysical poetry is commonly used to name the work of the17th centurywriters who wrote under the influence of John Donne.2>with a rebellious spirit，the Metaphysical poets tried to break aw ay from the conventional fashion of the Elizabethan love poetry.3>the diction is simple as compared with that of the Elizabethan or t heNeoclassical periods，and echoes the words and cadences of com mon speech.4> the imagery is drawn from actual life.Metaphysical poets is a term coined by the poet and critic Samuel Johnson to describe a loose group of British lyric poets of the 17th century, whose work was characterized by the inventive use of conceits, and by speculation about topics such as love or religion. John Donne is the most important representative.玄学派诗歌一般用来称呼那些在John Donne影响下写作的作家的作品。
玄学派诗人一种背叛精神去试着打破传统的伊丽莎白爱情诗的束缚。
玄学诗歌多使用巧智（wit and conceit），结构精巧（ingenious structure），韵律多变（irregular meter），语言口语化（colloquial language），意象奇特（elaborate imagery），并把不同的事物并置（a drawing together of dissimilar idea）。
它们的意象多来源于现实生活。
Neoclassicism（新古典主义）In the field of literature,the enlightenment movement brought about a revival of interest in the old classical works.2>this tendency is known as neoclassicism.The Neoclassicists held that forms of literature were to be modeled after the classical works of the an cient Greek and Roman writers such as Homer and Virgil and those of thecontemporary French ones.3>they believed that the artistic ideals should be order，logic，restrai ned emotion and accuracy，and that literature should be judged in term s of its service to humanityRomanticism（浪漫主义）1>In the mid-18th century，a new literary movement called romanticis m came to Europe and then to England.2>It was characterized by a strong protest against the bondage of neoclassicism，which emphasized reason，order and elegant wit.Inste ad，romanticism gave primary concern to passion，emotion，and nat ural beauty.3>In the history of literature.Romanticism is generally rega rded as the thought that designates a literary and philosophical theory w hich tends to see the individual as the very center of all life and experienc e.4>The English romantic period is an age of poetry which prevailed in E ngland from1798to1837.The major romantic poets include Wordswort h，Byron and Shelley.13.Modernism（现代主义）Modernism is comprehensive but vague term for a movement，which begin in the late19th century and which has had a wide influence internationally during much of the20th century.2>modernism takes the irrational philosophy and the theory of psycho -analysis as its theoretical case.3>the term pertains to all the creative arts.Especially poetry，fiction，drama，painting，music and architecture.4>in England from early in the20th century and during the1920s and 1930s，in America from shortly before the first world war and on during the inter-war period，modernist tendencies were at their most active an d fruitful.5>as far as literature is concerned，Modernism reveals a brea king away from established rules，traditions and conventions.fresh way s of looking at man…s position and function in the universe and many experiments in form an d style.It is particularly concerned with language and how to use it and w ith writing itself.14.Stream of consciousness（or interior monologue）In literary criticism，Stream of consciousnes s denotes a literary technique which seeks to describe an individual…s poi nt of view by giving the written equivalent of the character‟s thought pro cesses.Stream of consciousnesswriting is strongly associated with the modernist movement.Its introduct ion in the literary context，transferred from psychology，is attributed t o May Sinclair.Stream of consciousness writing is usually regarded as a s pecial form of interior monologue and is characterized by associative lea ps in syntax and punctuation that can make the prose difficult to follow ，tracing as they do a character…sfragmentary thoughts and sensory feelings.Famous writers to employ th is technique in the English language include James Joyce and William Fau lkner.学术界认为意识流是一种通过直接描述人物思维过程来寻求个人视角的文学写作技巧。