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急性肾损伤的生物标志物--ln
The limitations of traditional biomarkers
• 尿素氮是水溶性的、低分子量的蛋白质代谢产物。 它的血浓度与GFR相反,部分因素可影响它的产生 和清除,这就限制了它评估GFR的可靠性。
The limitations of traditional biomarkers
• 急性肾损伤与死亡风险的增加和住院时间的延长有关。需昂贵治疗的严重病例将导 致长时间肾功能紊乱,增加监护人力和成本。所以,尽早诊断AKI有助于发展或实 现保护性治疗。
Why therapies have been unsuccessful
• The capacity of N-acetyl cysteine to prevent AKI after radiocontrast has been tested with unconvincing result,and the benefits of perioperative IV sodium bicarbonate infusion in cardiac surgical patients are yet to be confirmed.the most widely accepted treatment to prevent or treat AKI(although untested in controlled trials)remains prompt fluid resuscitation of circulatory volume and appropriate cardiac output and perfusion pressure.
• Beyond these measures,cases unresponsive to fluid resuscitation in the presence of hyperkalemia,metabolic acidosis or fluid overload commonly receive renal replacement therapy/dialysis to support the kidneys.
• 尿素氮的产生是多变的,它的值可因循环血量、蛋白质摄入、胃肠道出血等的改变 而改变。肾脏尿素氮清除率也是变化的;40-50%滤过的尿素氮在肾小管重吸收。 所以,尿素氮是不太适合评估GFR的,因为浓度升高需时间累积,不能及时反映 GFR变化。
The limitations of traditional biomarkers
• 这些生物标志物在麻醉科和ICU中有很多潜在的应用。它们可用于评估新技术和治 疗在肾功能上的影响,监测肾中毒程度和治疗效果。比如,NGAL和CyC已经用于 一心脏手术期间羟乙基淀粉治疗安全监测试验以及早期预测AKI。
Key words
• Kidney failure Creatinine Urea Biological markers Lipocalins
• 传统临床急性肾损伤生物标志物是肌酐、尿素氮和 尿量。对早期诊断急性肾损伤都有严重的局限性。 肌酐是骨骼肌中产生的肌酸在肝脏中转化形成。它 的产生并释放入血浆有相对稳定的速率,并能从肾 小球滤过。少部分肌酐分泌入尿。肌酐不能在肾小 管重吸收或在肾脏代谢。如果肌酐滤过功能不佳, 那么血肌酐将升高,伴GFR下降。
• 急性肾损伤(AKI)是一个共识性名称,目前用于描述以前叫急性肾 衰竭的连续性过程。AKI被报道发生于约36%重症患者和常见于如开 放性心脏手术等大手术后患者,它按FIFLE标准分级(首字母缩写于 风险、损伤、衰竭、肾功能丧失和终末期肾病)。
AKI is common with major surgery and
• 除了这些措施外,高钾血症,代谢性酸中毒或液体负荷过重的病例对液体复苏无反 应,此时多需接受肾脏替代治疗/透析。
Why therapies have been unsuccessful
Why therapies have been unsuccessful
• 至于为什么没有可再生的持续性的有效的对AKI的治 疗有这么几个原因。第一,急性肾损伤可由多因素 诱发并可发生在疾病过程中。即使某些治疗可能对 部分亚组有益,由于疾病的多样性致使特定的治疗 方案不可能适用于所有类型的AKI。第二,目前对 AKI的发病机制的认识仍是有限的。这将导致预防或 治疗上的困难重重。
• AKI is the consensus term now used to describe the continuum of the condition previously called acute renal failure.AKI as classified by the RIFLE criteria(acronym for Risk,Injury,Failure, Loss and Endstage)has been reported to occur in approximately 36% of critically ill patients and is common after major surgery such as open heart surgery.
• 手术室和ICU病人中留置导尿的一般会常规统计尿量。尿量估计流动力学变化。但是,很多AKI病人并没有出现少 尿,很多手术及ICU病人出现少尿也并不一定是急性肾损伤。
The limitations of traditional biomarkers
• 最后,很多药物在手术室及ICU病人的应用(如利尿剂和血管加压素)也可作为额外的干扰 因素。
The limitations of traditional biomarkers
The limitations of traditional biomarkers
• 然而,血清肌酐作为急性肾损伤的标志物有这么几 个局限性。第一,肌酐产生因年龄、性别、饮食、 肌肉情况、药物及激烈运动差异明显。第二,肌酐 分泌约占肌酐清除的10-40%,这将导致GFR的假性 降低。第三,血清肌酐试验精确性可以因假象而降 低。第四,肌酐出现异常时,GFR减少大都已超过 50%并且需超过24小时才能测得血肌酐浓度足够升 高。
急性肾损伤的生物标志物
Abstract
• One major reason for this lack of success may be the result of delayed implementation due to the inability to detect AKI early.Traditional biomarkers of AKI(creatinine and urea)do not detect injury early enough. Thus,It is a priority to find reliable,early biomarkers that predict subsequent AKI.
Why therapies have been unsuccessful
Why therapies have been unsuccessful
• 第三,介入治疗实施不及时。由于我们依赖传统生 物标志物(肌酐,尿素氮,尿量)来诊断AKI才出现 治疗上耽搁。这些生物标志物既不能及时提示损伤, 而且多在损伤后好几小时才出现异常(肌酐,尿素 氮)也缺乏特异性(尿量)。
• 为了应对这些问题,目前已经发现了数个可更早期诊断急性肾损伤的生物标志物。这些标志 物中包括人中性粒细胞明胶酶相关脂质运载蛋白(NGAL),半胱氨酸蛋白酶抑制剂C (CyC),肝脏型脂肪酸结合蛋白(L-FABP),并已适用于部分人群。
• 新技术如功能基因组学和蛋白组学已帮着发现了几种有前景的,可早期提示AKI的 生物标志物,如人中性粒细胞明胶酶相关脂质运载蛋白(NGAL)、半胱氨酸蛋白 酶抑制剂C(CyC)、肝脏型脂肪酸结合蛋白(L-FABP)、白介素18(IL-18)和 肾损伤分子1(KIM-1)。
Abstract
• These biomarkers have many potential applications function,as safety markers to monitor toxicity and as measures of treatment effect.For example,NGAL and cystatin C have been used in a safety monitoring trial of hydroxyethylstarch therapy and to detect AKI early,during or immediately after cardiac surgery.Clinical use beyond research settings is rapidly expanding.
critical illness
• AKI is independently associated with an increased risk of death and with prolonged length of stay. Severe cases require costly treatment, can result in prolonged kidney dysfunction,and escalate the human and financial costs of care. Therefore, it seems desirable to detect AKI as early as possible in order to develop or implement potentially protective therapy.
• Cystatin C Fatty acid binding protein Interleukin-18
• 肾衰竭 肌酐 尿素氮 生物学标志物 脂质运载蛋白 半胱氨酸蛋白酶抑制剂C 脂肪酸 结合蛋白 白介素18