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英汉语篇比较研究


• 这 可以用来指称上文提到的刚发生不久 的事,而在英语中却必须用that
• He said nothing for a moment. Then: “I scribed something in my notebook the other day for future use, just had the idea while travelling along; that happens a lot.” • (R.J. Waller, The Bridges of Madison County) • 他一时间没说什么。然后说:“我那天 在我笔记本里记下了一些话以备将来用。 是在开车时临时想到的,这是常有的事。 (梅嘉 译)
• 离车库还有三四米,车库门就像认识主 人似的自动掀启。(《枣核》) • When it (the car) was three or four meters away from the garage, its door automatically opened as if it recognized its own master.
• 汉语省略作主语和宾语的代词 • 零前指zero anaphora • 朋友有点不好意思地解释说, 买这座大 房子时,孩子们还在上着学,如今 都成 家立业了。(《枣核》) • My friend looked somewhat ill at ease when he told me this: At the time when he bought this big house, his children had all been at school. Now they had their own homes and jobs. (张培基 译)
• 祥子的手哆嗦得更厉害了, 揣起保单, 拉起 车,几乎要哭出来。(老舍《骆驼 祥子》) • Xiangzi’s hands were shaking even more violently as he tucked the guarantee away and pulled his rickshaw out, feeling ready to burst into tears.
• 当发话者指称上文的陈述时,汉语一般 用这,英语一般用that • To be or not to be: that is a question. • (Shakespeare, Hamlet) • 生存还是死亡,这是个问题。
• But there was something in Francesca Johnson that did interest him. There was intelligence; he could sense that. (R.J. Waller: The Bridges of Madison County) • 可是弗朗西丝卡· 约翰逊身上确实有足以 吸引他的东西。她善解人意,这他看得 出来。(梅嘉 译)
• 这些书,都是在全国解放以后,来到我 家的。(孙犁《书籍》) • The books have arrived at my home since 1949, the year the country was liberated.
• “混账!”那人大叫起来,使他吃惊了。 (鲁迅《聪明人和傻子和奴才》) • “ Damn it!” the listener swore in such a loud voice as to make the slave start. (张培基 译)
• 汉语物主代词的省略(他的,-的) • As she spoke, she watched the muscles in his forearm flex when he shifted gears. (The Bridges of Madison County) • 她一边说一边注视着他换档时 前臂弯曲 的样子。
• 何兆熊(1986:26):在英语中,代词 前指是正常的、无标记形式;而在汉语 中,零式前指是正常的、无标记形式。 • (胡壮麟,1996:65-66):汉语使用 零式指称远比英语为多,并且由于汉语 是意合语言,零式指称不受句法限制。
• 汉语对第三人称代词的原词复现 • 潘文国,1997:350:英语倾向于使用 代词等替代手段,而汉语倾向于使用原 词复现等重复手段。
• 在使用频率上,“that ” 大大高于 “this”,两倍多;“这”要高于“那”, 两倍多。
• 袭人问道:“这一个缠丝白玛瑙碟子那 去了?”…… “家常送东西的家伙也多, 巴巴的拿这个去。”晴雯道:“他说这 个碟子配上鲜荔枝才好看。”《红楼梦》 • What has become of that white agate plate...Why choose that particular one? …But Baoyu insisted that plate looked best with the fresh leeches. 杨译
• 汉语语篇里,这和那在表示时空距离时 往往受心理或视觉的影响,而this和 that表达的距离概念较接近实际的时空 远近距离。
• 她到现在还记得很明白的是五六年前的土地庙 的香市中看见一只常常会笑的猴子,一口的牙 齿那么白!但这也是她最后一次快乐的纪 念……茅盾《子夜》 • She could still remember the monkey she had seen several years before at a temple fair at home—it kept grinning and showing a mouthful of gleaning white teeth. That was her last, happy memory…许孟雄 译
• 韩礼德和哈桑(1976:38) 英语:指示代词this/these—that/those 定冠词 the 指示副词 here—there ,now—then
陈安定(1991:52) 汉语:指代人或事物:这/这些—那/那些 指代处所:这儿/这里—那儿/那里 指代时间:这会儿—那会儿 指代性质、状态和程度:这么—那 么;这样—那样 今(今番,今次)、本(本地、本 年)、此(此时、此地),该(该国) 等
• She noticed he’s said “making” pictures. “You make pictures, not take them?” “Yes, at least that’s how I think of it. That’s the difference between Sunday snapshooters and someone who does it for a living….” • (R.J. Waller, The Bridges of Madison County) • 她注意到了他说“制作”照片。“你制作照片, 而不是拍摄照片?”“是的,至少我是这样想 的。这就是星期日业余照相者和以此为生的人 的区别……” (梅嘉 译)
• 衔接和连贯功能多由词来完成,表示时 间、空间、因果、推论、转折、对比、 照应等,也可利用重复、回环、平行结 构等修辞手法来实现,还可以利用词的 搭配和语义联想来实现。
• 照应 reference • 在语篇中,如果对于一个词语的解释不 能从词语本身获得,而必须从该词语所 指代的对象中寻求答案,这就产生了照 应关系。照应是语篇中某一成分和另一 成分之间在指称意义上的相互解释关系, 使语篇在修辞上言简意赅,在结构上更 加紧凑,成为前后衔接的整体。
• 人称照应:他,他们,她们 • 罗选民(2001:221):(人称照应) 在汉语中最常见的是使用第三人称单复 数形式。 • 王灿龙(2000:228):在现代汉语系 统中,人称代词‘他’是使用频率最高 的对应语之一。
• 英语语篇中第三人称代词的使用频率高 于汉语。
• 汉语第三人称代词的省略现象 • He looked up at her as she stood there, hand on heart, looked quietly, almost in a kindly way. (Gone with the Wind) • 当他抬起头来,见她一只手捂着胸口站 在那儿时,他的目光非常平静,甚至非 常和蔼。(翟象俊 译)--少
• …when he looked up at her, something in his gaze stopped her dead on the threshold. (Gone with the Wind) • ……当他抬起头来看她时,他目光中却 有某样东西使她一下子愣在了门槛上。
• 他 双手插进 口袋,然后耸了耸 肩。 • He put his hands in his pockets and then shrugged his shoulders.
• The front door was slightly ajar and she trotted, breathless, into the hall. (Gone with the Wind)
• 前门半开着,斯佳丽气喘吁吁地小跑着 进了穿堂。(翟象俊 译)
• 指示照应
• 用指示代词或相应的限定词以及冠词所 表示的照应关系叫做指示照应。在指示 照应中,发话者是通过指明事物在时间 或空间上的远近(proximity)来确定所指 对象的。(朱永生等,2001:20)
• 这和那灵活英译的一些例子
• 我也十分得意这幅“大作”,并没有觉 得是对老师的不尊重。(钟灵《胡二茄 子》) • I was naturally proud of my “masterpiece”, without the slightest idea that it was a nasty insult to him. (刘士聪 译)
• 黛玉磕着瓜子儿,只管抿着嘴笑。可巧 黛玉的丫鬟雪雁来给黛玉送小手炉。 《红楼梦》 • Daiyu had been smiling rather cryptically as she cracked melonseeds. Now her maid Hsueh-yen brought in her little语篇手段的组成 连贯coherence 衔接cohesion 语篇参照 intertextuality
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