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Conceptual Metaphor概念隐喻ppt课件
Metaphor
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What is metaphor?
Comparison theory
— Metaphor is a figure of speech in which one thing is compared to another by saying that one is the other.(Kovecses,2002:vii)
Substitution theory —A metaphorical expression is used in place of an equivalent literal expression and is, therefore, completely
replaceable by its literal counterpart .(Way,1991:23)
semantic frame is often a conceptualization of experience that is not congruent with reality. • From a cognitive point of view, the crucial aspects of a metaphor are their role in the structure
Conceptual metaphor theory
— Metaphor is not simply a stylistic feature of language, but that thought itself is fundamentally metaphorical in nature. What makes it a metaphor is the conventional association of one domain with another. What makes it conceptual (rather than purely linguistic) is the idea that the motivation for the metaphor resides at the level of conceptual domains.(Lakoff& Johnson)
• AN ARGUMENT IS A JOURNEY
a. We will proceed in a step-by-step fashion.
b. We have covered a lot of ground.
• In this metaphor, PARTICIPANTS in the argument correspond to TRAVELERS, the ARGUMENT itself corresponds to a JOURNEY and the PROGRESS of the argument corresponds to the ROUTE taken. However, in the source domain JOURNEY, travelers can get lost, they can stray from the path, they can fail to reach their destination, and so on. The association between source and target gives rise to the entailment that these events can also occur in the target domain ARGUMENT.
of an entire cognitive model. What is transferred by metaphor is the structure, the internal relations or the logic of a cognitive model. In other words, from a cognitive perspective a metaphor is a mapping of the structure of a source model onto a target model.
elements of the source and the target domain..
The unidirectionality of metaphor
•An important observation made by conceptual metaphor theorists is that conceptual metaphors are unidirectional. This means that metaphors map structure from a source domain to a target domain but not vice versa. For example: 1. PEOPLE ARE MACHINES
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Mapping
LOVE IS A JOURNEY
Hale Waihona Puke 传统:(tenor /primary term ) (vehicle/ secondary term )
当代: ( target domain )
(source domain)
•A mapping is the systematic set of correspondences that exist between constituent
John is so efficient; he’s just a machine.
2. MACHINES ARE PEOPLE
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Metaphorical entailment
• In addition to the individual mappings that conceptual metaphors bring with them, they also provide additional, sometimes detailed knowledge. This is because aspects of the source domain that are not explicitly stated in the mappings can be inferred. In this way, metaphoric mappings carry entailments. For example:
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Metaphors and cognitive model
• Cognitive model is the knowledge experienced and stored for a certain field by individuals. • Idealized Cognitive Model, or ICM, is the phenomenon in which knowledge represented in a