同义词替换词国内考生常用的表达更得分的表达方式名词1things that one tries hardto do one's undertakings/ one's commitments2The fact is that⋯The reality is that⋯3joy happiness/delight/ enjoyment4sadness sorrow/ grief5danger hazard/ peril ( 后面这个词语气很强，危险程度非同一般 ) [派生 ] dangerous； hazardous≈schooling （指学校教育，家庭教育则用6education upbringing/ parenting）[ 区分 ]家庭教育的两个词 upbringing 是从孩子的角度说的，比如children's upbringing；而 parenting 是从家长的角度来说，比如 sensible parenting.如果你写过关于广告的题目，就一定体会过不停轮换使用 advertisement/ advertising有多郁闷。

其实主体段论证中完全可以把广告类7advertisement/ advertising 细化，比如 commercials（电视或者互联网上的广告）， flyers（传单广告，北京最常见的形式就是“ 135****，办证”）， billboards （大幅的广告牌）或者 non-profit advertisements=public-interest advertisements （公益广告）8car Automobile9economic crisis economic meltdown（很接近） /recession（这个一般仅仅还是衰退） /the Great Depression （这个则是特指 1929 年开始的那次了）10famous people celebrities （单数为 celebrity）11human beings（备考生使humanity（注意这个词的单数指人类，复数用过多）指人文学科） /the human race12wealth fortune(s)（ fortune 作财富的意思时可以加复数）13[ 相关 ] rich wealthy/ affluent (adj.)14skill≈注意这个词的正确解释是技能technique(或者方法，而不是 technology 科技 )15[ 派生 ] skilled adept/ adroit (adj.)16 method methodology (国外学术写作中超级常用的词，基本就是method的故作高深版）17field18understanding of19choice20cooperationbasic structure in a city or 21a country22tiredness for a long time 23is a must of24the Internet25honesty26strong belief27aim28worries29influence30influence on each other31many different kinds ofwrong ideas held by many 32people33fame34range35sense36part37wise38gapa system for a particular 39purpose40 a solution to sth.41bad students42bad behavior sphere/ domain/ arena≈grasp of/ commandof Option≈collaborationInfrastructureFatigueis a prerequisite for （是⋯⋯的必备先决条件）≈the information highway(一篇考生作文里Internet 被使用十几次是常事儿 )≈integrityfaith (in)Intentionanxieties (是的，这两个词的确都可以加复数）impact/ repercussion/ implicationmutual influence（类似的表达还有 mutual respect, mutual trust和 mutual understanding/ interaction between A and B/ interplay between A and Ba variety of a⋯wide/ array of ⋯ /ideawrange ⋯of ⋯Misconceptionsprestige/ sterling reputation≈spectrum≈recognitioncomponent （这个词不仅指零件，在学术写作中也经常指“部分”）[相关 ] sensible (adj.)Disparity≈ a mechanism for ,a remedy for sth. （生活中经常指一种病的治疗方法，但学术写作中经常用来指某种问题的解决方法，注意搭配的介词不同）≈unruly students/ disruptive students unethical behavior/ immoral behaviororganizations that help43poor people44difference45[ 派生 ] be different from 46person47personality48businesses49prices that are too high50 the rate of⋯51 intense enthusiasmcultural globalization（有52过多人使用这个词）53 a thing that is necessarya thing that is new and54interesting55 a thing that is rarethings that people are not 56sure about57 a world language58friends59relaxation60self-respect61respect sb./ sth.62 [ 反义 ] look down on⋯63self-control64criminal65prisoner66drinkspeople who walk on the 67street68 old generations in historya person who benefits69from sth.a disease that spreads 70quicklya very unpleasant way of 71lifea task that requires lots of 72effort73emotion74enemy charities/ charitable organizations Distinctionbe distinct from (adj.)Individual≈dispositionenterprises（这里指企业）exorbitant pricesthe incidence of （⋯后面一般跟坏事儿，比如 unemployment/ crime/ a disease） zeal/ passionglobal cultural homogenizationa necessitya noveltya rarityUncertaintiesa universal languageCompanions≈recreation≈self-esteem and dignityhold sb./ sth. in high regardtreat ⋯ with contempt despise=(v.)self-disciplineConvictInmate≈alcoholic beveragesPedestriansAncestorsa beneficiary of sth.an epidemic（注意这个词虽然是 -ic 结尾，却不是形容词）Misery adj-> miserablean arduous task≈sentiment≈opponent/ foe75narrow minds insular minds （狭隘的头脑或者观念）76 a way to do sth.an approach to doing sth./an avenue towards sth.77hobby≈ pastime / diversion78progress progression （经常指抽象的进步，比如写关于 society/ career/ technology的话题）79failuresetback（注意作名词的时候中间不要加空格）80importance significance（当你用了一次 importance 之后，第二次不妨用这个）81duty obligation（用于比较重要的责任）82difficulty hindrance/ impediment/ hurdles83pressure from yourclassmates peer pressure84citizens who can work labor force/ workforce（都是总体概念，而且注意后面这个词的标准写法中间没有空格）85problems or diseases thatexist for a long time persistent problems/chronic diseases86a life without regularexercise a sedentary lifestyle87resultconsequence（表示消极的结果更多一些）88thoughts≈ considerations89the lack of knowledge ignorance （注意在地道英文里，这个词经常并不表示“忽视”，而是表示“无知”）90harm (n.)adverse effectdamage destroy/ ruin （这两个词比 damage程度更重）spoil（后面跟 the cityscape/ scenery/91harm (vt.)environment） undermine （后面跟抽象概念，比如 stability/ social order/ harmony）jeopardize （后面跟抽象概念，比如 one's future/ one's career）tarnish （后面跟 one's reputation/ image）sap/ dampen（后面跟 one's enthusiasm/ interest/ confidence）92[ 派生 ] harmful detrimental (adj.)93[ 派生 ] be harmful to≈ pose a threat to94bad luck Misfortune95trouble adversity/ dilemma/ predicament/ hardship 96crime offense/ criminal act97youth crime≈ juvenile delinquency98criminal offender/ ≈ culprit/ ≈ perpetrator99serious crime heinous crime/ felony100 a minor crime a misdemeanor101shortage (of)scarcity (of)/ dearth (of)102the only one an exception103places where animals live Habitat形容词104worrying≈ disturbing105very popular prevalent/ ubiquitous106TRUE genuine (truly a genuinely)107deep profound （深刻的，后面经常跟 wisdom/ truths/understanding/ impact/ thoughts）108strong powerful/ mighty109weak≈ vulnerable110hard-working industrious（注意不是 industrial，而 diligent 那个词在美语中是个挺大的词）111very disappointing Lamentable可悲的 / pathetic112be good (for)be beneficial (to) = be in the best interests (of) 113be not as good as be inferior to114be better than be superior to115uninteresting mundane （注意这个词其实再美国很多时候并116many不是“世俗的”意思 /humdrum（注意要跟可数名词）numerous117complicated Intricate118strange odd/ bizarre/ eccentric（单 weird 有点过于口语化了）119cannot be turned back be irreversible 120produce useful results Productive 121practical≈ realistic122mature sophisticated （这个词指人的时候意思是思维成熟老练的）123selfish self-centered/ materialistic/ego-centric 124proud （贬义）Conceited125suitable Fitting126most suitable Optimal127lonely isolated/ alienated128alone Solitary129be easily influenced by be susceptible to sth. （一般是坏事情，比如 a sth.disease/ attacks）130is better than is superior to131not as good as ⋯is inferior tobe identical/ be homogenous/ be uniform（后面两132be the same 个词比较正式，一般是说 cultural globalization 的时候常用，现在理解为什么小幅的名词叫school uniforms 了吧，就是让大家都看起来一样的衣服）133interesting≈ stimulating134boring≈ monotonous/ repetitive135useless Redundant136smart Intelligent137famous Renowned138positive≈ desirable/ encouraging139happy Delighted140enjoyable Delightful141can be used be available142hard to understand bewildering/ baffling/ confusing143(laws/ rules/ people)not strict Lenient144healthy wholesome（注意说人的健康还是要用 healthy，但是如果说事物有益健康，就可以用wholesome）145good for the eco-friendly（比如 Biking is far more eco-friendly envrionment than driving their SUVs.）146nervous/ anxious≈ apprehensive147doubt sth.be skeptical about sth.148fair≈ justified149unfair≈ unwarranted/ unjustifiable150huge enormous/ massive/ vast/ colossal151small tiny/ miniscule （后面一般跟抽象名词）152have many differentabilities be versatile/ be well-rounded153be familiar with be well-acquainted with154very successful/admirable Distinguished155proper Appropriate156typical quintessential （这个语气非常强）157exact precise/ ≈ accurate158ugly Unsightly159poor-quality substandard(housing/ accommodation/ work/ goods/ machines)the current ⋯ / the existing（比如⋯the current160the present ⋯financial crisis/ the existing environmentalproblems)161outdated antiquated/obsolete162highly-respected Esteemed163complete(adj.)/ whole Entire164spend a lot of money lead an extravagant/ a lavish life165open enlightened/ progressive （开明的，逐步的，经常用来形容 govern-ment 或者 society）166sth. must be carried out sth. is compulsory/ sth. is mandatory167with long history（后面经常跟抽象名词，比如time-honoredtradition/ practice/ methods/ heritage）168continuing forever Perpetual169important significant essential vital( 这三个词的重要性依次递增 )170very attractive very appealing/ fascinating/ captivating 171very careful Cautious172be very interested in be absorbed in/ be engrossed in173be qualified for be eligible for174disappointing Frustrating175wrong Erroneous176long and a bitannoying Lengthy177very difficult daunting/ formidable178being spread in rampant （后面经常跟负面现象，比如 crime, uncontrolled way pollution 或者 discrimination）179cruel≈ inhumane/ merciless180fatoverweight/ obese（后面这个已经胖出病了）181having wrong opinions skewed/ biased（这两个词一般在 IELTS 媒体类话题使用，表示“有偏见的”）182including many things comprehensive （综合的，全面的）183enough adequate/ sufficient/ ample/ abundant（注意这四个词的语气是逐渐递增的 )184too much Excessive185very little minimal （注意不是 minimum ）186cause bad effects187strict188urgent189quiet counterproductive （其实地道英文写作里这个词不见得和生产有关，只要阻止人们达到目的，都可以写它 counterproductive)stringent（后面一般跟 laws, measures或者 rules）pressing (problems)tranquil and serene（美语中这两个词经常可以连在一起用）动词190make sth. strong191make sth. weak192make sth. better193make sth. worsecontrol⋯(a negative 194trend)195stop196manage sth.197appear198die out199fail to see200set ⋯free201beginnarrow/ bridge the gap 202between A and B(注意这里 bridge 作动词）203be forced to do sth.keep complaining204about sth.205try hard to do sth. 206do sth.207do not do sth.208carry out209turn ⋯into ⋯strengthen/ fortify/ reinforce/ consolidate sth. weaken/ erode （侵蚀）enhance/ better（很少看到国内考生用 better 当动词，其实在学术写作中 better sth是.挺常见的表达）aggravate/ exacerbate sth.curb ⋯ (crime/ pollution/ economic recessions) Cease≈regulate sth./oversee sth.emerge/ arise（后者的主语一般是抽象概念，比如debate） goextinct neglect/overlookrelease (prisoners/ stress)commence/ initiate (后者跟抽象概念更多，比如 initiate the conflict)[反义 ] widen the gap between A andB be compelled to do sth.grumble about sth.≈pursue sth.(one's goal/one's career/business interests/ maximum profit/ hegemony)≈perform/ conduct （注意这里的 perform 不是“表演”而是“从事”）refrain from doing sth.Implementconvert ⋯to/ into⋯210decrease decline/ dwindle（特指逐渐缓慢的减少） / dip/ slip(后两个词用来指短促的下降 )211make a crime commit a crime（注意作文中不要用 make a crime 这样不地道的英文）212commit a crime againrevert to crime （这里的 crime 作不可数名词）213punish Penalize214[ 派生 ]punishment Penalty215spread propagate/ disseminate（这两个词后面经常跟information/ ideas/ belief 这类名词）216develop fast flourish/ thrive217develop （这里作“培养”的意思cultivate/ foster/ nurture（这三个词后面经常跟和教育有关的名词，比如 an interest in social issues）218[ 相关 ]fast-developing 219accept220build Burgeoningadopt（注意这个词不是 adapt适应，而是接纳，采纳的意思）Construct221 gather garner，但这个词只能用在很正式的意思，而且略有贬义，比如 garner funding, garner support during the UN climate conference at Copenhagen222measure 223teach sth. 224start225support gauge, 比 measure稍正式一点≈impart sth ./ inculcate sth.（注意如果teach 后面是人则不要替换）initiate 多用于政府类话题espouse，后面跟某种重要的事业，类似的还有动词champion（作动词不是冠军的意思了）和动词 sanction（它作名词则变成了“制裁”）226praise227support228prove/ confirm 229create ≈compliment/ extol （后面这个语气很强）≈buttress/ bolsterVerifygenerate（一般是大规模的产生，比如 generate employment opportunities/ generate tax revenue/ electricity) breed（一般是产生消极的东西，比如conflict/ crime/ resentment） spawn（一般是产生新事物，比如 spawn inventions/ innovations）230use231use⋯again232work hard233get234consider235meet236provide sth.237need238like sth. very much 239be unhappy about 240ask for241raise242look like sth.243treat ⋯poorly244consider sth. valuable 245keep246mix⋯ together247solve248noticeunderstand ⋯ to249mean⋯ / to be ⋯choose sth./ choose to 250do sth.251 achieveappear in large252numbers253make⋯ less serious 254pay⋯for (one's loss) ≈utilize/exploitRecyclework assiduously≈acquire （注意 acquire/ gain knowledge 比learn knowledge 在地道英文中更加常见）contemplate/ reflect on/ponderencounter，多用于政府，文化或者success这样偏大一些的话题afford sth. （在正式英文写作中， afford 经常可以表示“提供”require（注意主语如果是人称则一般还需要使用need，但如果主语是事物，则可以改用 require）≈ have an affinity for sth./ have a strong attachment to sth.complain about (v.)/ be discontended with (adj.) Requestelevate，就是正式版的 raise，但只是“提高”而不能表示抚养小孩的意思resemble sth.mistreat ⋯/ abuse ⋯value sth./ treasure sth./ cherish sth.≈maintain/ preserve（这个词后面经常跟traditions/ cultural heritage/ wild animals/ natural resources等）blend/ combine/ synthesizetackle/ combat/ addressDiscerninterpret ⋯as（⋯很多时候这个词并不是口译，而是把⋯理解为⋯⋯ ）opt for sth./ opt to do sth.fulfill (one's dream/ one's goal/ one's potential/ one's obligation/ one's promise/ one's task)sprout up/ mushroomrelieve/ ease/ alleviate（作文中经常用到的搭配有relieve stress/ alleviate poverty/ ease the traffic congestion等）compensate⋯for ⋯255pay⋯for (one's effort) 256make sth. faster257join258outweight259contribute toprevent the260development of⋯261 find out262 encourage sb. to⋯263like sth. very much 264dislike sth. very much 265hate266limit267avoid268 is not limited to⋯269be so surprised270decide271move to ⋯272come from⋯273improve274waste275attack276reduce277increase278help279help (n.)280set up281try to do sth.282try hard to do sth. 283change reward ⋯for ⋯accelerate sth./ speed up sth.participate inprevail over（大家应该已经注意到了，新托福议论文的题目中经常出现outweight 这个词用来比较事物的重要性或者利弊，在作文中最好不要重复考题中出现过的特征词汇）promote/ facilitate（这两个词都是及物动词，所以不需要跟 to）hinder/impede/ inhibit/ obstruct⋯≈identify≈motivate sb. to,adore sth.abhor/ detest/ loatheresent/ hold a grudge againstrestrict/ constrain≈bypass/ eschew/ shunis not restricted to⋯/ is not confined（经to常用⋯来描述一个 trend 不仅限于某个范围）be astonished/ be astounded/ be startled Determinerelocate to⋯/ have been relocated to⋯originate from/ in⋯boost/ enhance（比如 boost solidarity 增进团结/ enhance productivity提高生产率） use⋯lavishlyassail （语气更强烈）curtail（多用于政府投资类话题）/diminish （多用于文化类或者发展类中的抽象话题）augment（多用于政府投资类话题）AssistAssistanceEstablishattempt to do sth.make a strenuous/ an arduous/ a painstaking effort to do sth.Alter284change⋯ a lot285solve286correct (vt.)287take down288Obey289Ban290criticize291increase292depend on293depend on294deal with295do one's best to do sth.296use upreport the details of297sth.prevent sb. from298focusing on⋯299spend A on B300use too much ⋯fundamentally change ⋯ / radically change ⋯ / transform ⋯address/ combatrectify (a mistake)demolish/ raze（谈到拆老建筑的时候常用）abide by/ comply with/ conform to (后面跟 thelaw/ rules/ regulations等）ban⋯ altogether/ strictly prohibit⋯condemn/ denounce（这两个词一般用于政府类话题，但不要用在教育类）show an upward trend/ be on the rise反义：show a downward trendhinge on= be contingent on（意思是：取决于⋯⋯）rely on（意思是：依靠⋯⋯）cope withcommit oneself to doing sth./ strive to do sth./ do one's utmost to do sth./ spare no effort to do sth. exhaust (energy/ resources)/ stretch (resources) to the limitreport sth. In graphic detaildistract sb. from⋯≈dedicate A to Bstretch ⋯ to the limit/ put a strain on⋯301pour discharge（排放，环境类话题常用，比如 dischargechemical waste into rivers, streams and lakes）302get used to get accustomed to303die out go extinct304continue to exist Persist305come with ⋯be attended by / be accompanied by⋯expand one's outlook/ enlarge one's vision306broaden one's horizons (broaden one's horizons这个句型已经被考生使用过多惨遭贬值 )307break the law violate the law308put sb. In prison incarcerate sb.309make laws against⋯ legislate against⋯310[ 相关 ]law311make sth. activemake one's dream312come truehave the right to do313sth.314lead to change in315stick to316deal with the need317take ⋯ away from sb.318give sb. the ability to319get a clear idea of320be lostspend too much time321on322prepare for ⋯323break the balance324balance A and B325catch326 think of⋯as327get rid of328get rid of329make⋯ higher legislation (名词，注意 law 在特指具体的法律时可以用复数，但是 legislation 不能用复数）stimulate （后面经常跟 imagination/ creativity/interest/ economic growth等词汇）fulfill one's potential/ attain one's goalbe entitled to do sth.act as a catalyst for change in ⋯ adhere to/cling to （注意后面这个有时候略带贬义）meet the demand/ satisfy the needdeprive sb. of （⋯省略号中可以填入 freedom/leisure time/ the right to 等值得拥有的内容 )enable sb. toget a clear perspective ofgo astray（作文中如果写青少年“误入歧途”，就不要再写 get lost)be addicted to/ be preoccupied with/ beobsessed with ( 这三个词组的语气越来越强 )pave the way for⋯/ lay the groundwork for⋯/ lay a solid foundation for（为⋯⋯打好基础）upset the balancestrike a balance between A and B 在( A 和 B 之间争取一种平衡 )captureregard ⋯as/ view ⋯as/perceive⋯aseliminate/ removeabolish（多用于政府类话题，废除）drive up（后面经常跟 the crime rate/unemployment rate）副词Increasingly +adj. 但要注意如果后面不是 adj.330more and more +adj.而是 noun, 那么就可以用 an increasing numberof （跟可数名词） / an increasing amount of（跟不可数名词）来代替331mainly primarily/ principally/ chiefly332 In the old days,⋯333now334Actually, ⋯335very soon336not often at all337completelydo sth. without careful 338thought339blindly340only341 a little/ a bit342mainly343about344before ⋯345 a fewAlthough ⋯ , the real 346⋯situation is347Most young people ⋯348needs to be changed 349be punished by the law 350do sth. togetherIt is common for sb. 351to ⋯352 is based on⋯have no choice but353to ⋯354be worth the effort 355and so on356become more than 357grow fast Traditionally,⋯/ Historically,⋯≈currently≈Technically, , （严格来说它的意思并不是“事实上” ，但在学术写作中它是一个表示“精确地说”非常帮的词语）immediatelyrarelyentirelydo sth. Impulsivelyindiscriminately（不加选择的） /mechanically（机械的）≈ merely（注意只有 a little/ a bit后面跟形容词的时候才可以这样替换）somewhat (注意只有 a little/ a bit 后面跟形容词的时候才可以这样替换 )primarily/ principally/ chiefly短语或句型regarding/ concerning/ with respect to/ withregard toprior to⋯a handful of (请注意仅指少数时 a couple of 容易被挑剔的考官判为过于口语化 )Hypothetically,⋯ / Theoretically,⋯ / In theory/ Ideally,...→ But in reality,⋯ / But in actuality,⋯ / But in practice,⋯(Ideally指“理想化地说” )Young people tend to⋯ =Young people typically⋯(tend to 和 typically 都是表示某一类人多半会怎样做的常用表达）is crying out for reform（固定短语）be brought to justicemake a concerted effort to do sth.It is standard practice for sb. to⋯is predicted on⋯have no option but to⋯ / have no alternative butto ⋯be worthwhileetc.（前面可加逗号）exceed/ surpassgrow dramatically/ soar/ rocket358fall fast359much higher360 a little higher361is closely connected 362through363on the whole364because of fall drastically/ plunge/ plummetconsiderably/ substantially/ significantly higher marginally higher/ slightly higher/ fractionally higheris intrinsically linked to⋯by way of (介词短语 )overalldue to/ owing to（新托福作文中这两个词组后面经常是跟负面含义的名词）365before (时间 )prior to366in this aspect in this regard/ in this respect 这(里不是尊重的意思，而是指某方面 )367despite/ in spite of notwithstanding（请注意这三个词都是后面不惜紧跟名词或者名词短语，而不可以直接跟从句）368in fact as a matter of fact ≈ in essence/ essentially (inessence/ essentially的意思是“本质上”）369besides apart from370about/ around approximately371It is obvious that⋯ It is evident that⋯372sth. stops.sth. comes to a standstill373be similar to ⋯be akin to 学⋯(术写作中相当常见的句型 ) 374 A is as ⋯ as B B is ⋯ A is equally⋯375It is impossible that It⋯is highly unlikely that⋯376 A has made B+adj./n.A has rendered B+adj./ n. （这里的宾语 B 后面只能是跟形容词或者名词）377 A has made B do sth.sth. does not always 378remain the same.A high percentage 379of ⋯380 The cause of⋯is 381 no matterA has promoted/ impelled sb. to do sth. （注意这两个词后面的宾语之后不能省略 to）sth. is not carved in stone （某事物并非一成不变）The proportion of ⋯ is very high（⋯⋯. 的比例很高）⋯can be attributed to/ can be ascribed to （可以归⋯因于⋯⋯)regardless of/ irrespective of（注意no matter后面一般跟从句，而 regardless of和 irrespective of 后面多数时候跟名词或者名词短语）talking about ⋯ /in terms of （⋯经常用来限制一个命题的适用范382围，比如 In terms of culture, this city is fascinating.speaking ofBut in terms of traffic, it is inferior. ）。