(一).名词的分类总的来说,英语中的名词可以分为专有名词和普通名词两类。
(1). 专有名词:表示人、地方、事物、机构、组织等专有名称的名词。
例如:Lucy,Shanghai,the Communist Party of China,the United States等。
专有名词的第一个字母要大写。
(2). 普通名词:表示某一类人或事物或表示一个抽象概念的名称的名词。
例如:worker,boy,machine等。
普通名词又可分为以下四类:a. 个体名词:表示个体的人或事物的名词。
例如:man ,pencil,chair等。
b. 集体名词:表示一群人或一些事物的总称的名词。
例如:class,police,army ,family等。
c. 物质名词:表示无法分为个体的物质或材料的名词。
例如:rice,g lass,water,por- ridg e等。
4. 抽象名词:表示状态、品质、动作、情感等抽象概念的名词。
例如:life,love等。
(二)、可数名词的数可数名词有单数和复数两种形式。
单数表示一个人或事物,复数表示一个以上的人或事物。
名词单数变复数的形式有规则变化与不规则变化之区别。
A.规则变化①一般在名词后加s。
②“以辅音字母+y”结尾的,y变为i,然后再加es。
例:baby----babies city---- cities country---countries③以s, x, sh, ch结尾的,在后面加es。
例:class----classes; fox----foxes; brush----brushes; watch----watches④以f或fe结尾的单词把f或fe改为v, 再加es。
例:thief---thieves; life----lives; wife----wives; self----selves;例外:roof----roofs(屋顶); proof----proofs(证据)⑤以o结尾的名词,一般是在后面直接加s。
kilo----kilos; photo----photos;zoo----zoos;bamboo----bamboos以o结尾的名词初中阶段只有四个单词加es。
即:hero----heroes mango----mangoes potato----potatoes tomato----tomatoesB.不规则变化:⑥含man的名词,一般变man为men。
例:man----men; woman----women; policeman----policemen例外:German----Germans;walkman----walkmans(随身听)⑦将oo改为ee 例:tooth----teeth foot----feet goose----geese(鹅,不是初中词汇)⑧单数、复数形式相同如:deer—deer,sheep—sheep,fish—fish,Chinese—Chinese,people—people。
⑨有些词只有复数形式①某些由两个部分构成的物体的名词。
如:trousers等。
②某些通常以复数形式出现的名词。
如:clothes,goods,stairs等。
⑩其他变化如:child—children ,mouse—mice.11.由man或woman构成的复合名词,两者都要变成复数。
1如:a man teacher→two men teachers;a woman doctor→ten women doctors(三)不可数名词的数1.不可数名词就是表示无法分清个体的名词。
这类词主要为抽象名词和物质名词。
计算不可数名词时,用“数词或冠词+量词+0f+不可数名词”这样的结构来表示,量词可以是单数也可以是复数.但of后的名词只用单数。
如:a piece of apple pie一块苹果派two cups of tea两杯茶three items of news三条消息four buckets of water四桶水 a drop of water一滴水 a ray of hope一线希望注:如果不能表示明确数量,要用much, a little, a lot of/lots of, some, any等表示多少,如:The rich man has a lot of money.There is some milk in the bottle.Is there any water in the glass?I don't like winter because there's too much snow and ice.2. 注意一下几个名词单复数问题1)物质名词一般不用复数形式,但有些物质名词要用复数形式来表示不同的类别,如fish(鱼肉)→fishes(各种鱼),fruit(水果)→fruits(各种水果)steel(钢铁/材)→steels(各种钢材)2)有些抽象名词的复数形式表示不同的含义:Arm(手臂)→arms(军火),glass(玻璃)→glasses(眼镜),Cloth(布)→clothes(衣服),water(水)→waters(水域,海洋等)Force(力量)→forces(军队),game(游戏)→games(运动会),paper(纸张)→papers(报纸),people(人,人们)→peoples(民族),manner(方式)→manners(礼貌),time(时间)→times(时代),spirit(精神)→spirits(心情),sand(沙)→sands(沙漠),interest(兴趣) →interests(利益),work(工作)→works(著作),coffee(咖啡)→coffees(几杯咖啡)(四)名词所有格名词所有格的构成法A. 单数名词词尾加’ s,复数名词词尾若没有s,也要加’ s。
the worker's bike,the Children’ s ballB. 表示几个人共有一样东西,只需在最后一个人的名字后加’ s若表示各自所有,则需在各个名字后’ s。
如:This is Lucy and Licy’ s room.These are Kate's and jack’ s rooms.2C. 如果是通过在词尾加—s构成的复数形式的名词,只加’。
如:the students’ books,the girls’ blouses名词+of+名词名词是有生命的,我们就用’s结构来表示所有关系。
如果名词所表示的事物是无生命的,我们就要用名词+of+名词的结构来表示所有关系.如:the legs of the desk,the door of the room但在表示名词所有格时,’ s结构也常可转换成of结构。
有些表示时间,距离、国家、城市等无生命的东西的名词,也可以加’s来构成所有格.如:ten minutes' walk,today's newspaper练一练:一. 单项填空( )1.--- Where have you been, Tim?--- I’ve been to ______.A. the Henry houseB. the Henry familyC. The Henry’s homeD. Henry’s( )2.In England, if ____ is in the middle of the day, the evening meal is called supper.A. foodB. lunchC. breakfastD. dinner( )3.You looked for it twice, but you haven’t found it. Why not try ____ .A. three timesB. a third timeC. the third timeD. once( )4.--- They are thirsty. Will you please give them ______ ?--- Certainly.A. some bottles of watersB. some bottles of waterC. some bottle of waterD. some bottle of waters( )5.Mike hurt one of his ______ in the accident yesterday.A. toothB. feetC. handD. ear( )6.There is some _______ on the plate.A. cakesB. meatC. potatoD. pears( )7.In England, the last name is the _______ .A. family nameB. middleC. given nameD. full name( )8.The are going to fly _______ to Beijing.A. GermenB. GermanyC. GermanysD. Germans( )9.The______ has two _______ .A. boys; watchesB. boy; watchC. boy; watchesD. boys; watch( )10.The little baby has two _______ already.A. toothB. toothsC. teethD. teeths3( )11.What’s your _______ for being late again?A. ideaB. keyC. excuseD. news( )12.--- It’s dangerous here. We’d better go out quickly.--- But I think we should let _______ go out first.A. woman and childrenB. women and childC. woman and childD. women and children ( )13.--- You can see Mr. Smith if there is a sign “_______ ”on the door of his shop.--- Thanks.A.ENTRANCEB.BUSINESS HOURSC.THIS SIDE UPD.NO SMOKING( )14.Are they going to have a picnic on _______ ?A. Children’s DayB. Childrens’s DayC. Childrens DayD. Children Day( )15.Where are the students? Are they in _______ ?A. the Room 406B. Room 406C. the 406 RoomD. 406 Room( )16.The restaurant is so popular here, Look, there are so many _____ here. (2010三亚)A. foodB. dishC. peopleD. waiter( )17. I don’t think looking after children is just work. (2010河北)A. womanB. woman’sC. womenD. wo men’s( )18. —Would you like some drinks, boys? —Yes, ____ , please. (2010四川眉山市)A. some orangesB. two boxes of chocolateC. some cakesD. two boxes of cola( ) 19. I saw many _________ eating grass on the hill. (2010浙江东阳)A. horseB. cowC. rabbitD. sheep( )20. ______ mothers can’t come to the meeting because they have gone to Dalian.A. Sally’s and JaneB. Sally and Jane’sC. Sally’s and Jane’s( )21. I like ____ a lot, and my mother usually cooks it in different ways. (2010山西省)A. fishB. potatoesC. noodles( )22. You can get much ______ about the World Expo on the Internet. (2010上海市)A. mapB. pictureC. ticketD. information( )23. ---- Good morning, madam. Can I help you?---- Sure, I’d like ______ for cooking vegetables. (2010四川自贡市)A. two cups of teaB. three pieces of breadC. five kilos of oil( )24. Mr. Black gave us ____ on how to learn English well. (2010新疆阜康市)A. an adviceB. many advicesC. some adviceD. some advices二. 根据下列句子的情景及所给汉语注释,写出所缺单词。