无损检测-缺陷分析
(2)按process technique分为: ①Welding defect——因实施焊接工艺而引起 的缺陷; ②Casting defect——因实施铸造工艺而引起 的缺陷; ③Forging defect——因实施锻造、冲压工艺 而引起的缺陷; ④Heat treatment defect—— (略)
Incomplete fusion
• 危害:削弱截面积引起应力集中,削弱连 接强度可达60-80%。 • 产生原因:坡口角度或间隙过小,钝边过 大、坡口边缘不齐或装配不良;工艺参数 不当、坡口清理不干净等。
Holes
• 危害:影响外观,结 合强度等; • 产生原因:焊接材料, 气体介质、焊丝和母 材表面上的油锈等, 金属蒸发等
2.1.2 Classification of process defects
工艺缺陷种类繁多,产生原因也相当复杂。 为了便于分析和处理工艺缺陷、制定检验工艺、 方便技术交流,有必要对其进行分类。 (1)按technical connotation大体分为: ① Manufacturing and assembly defects——如 焊件groove angle、assembling gap不均匀, unfitness过大等; ② Shape and size defects——如deformation 、 inconformity of the width of bead、Excessive reinforcement、collapse、spill-over、overlap 等等;
(4)按buried depth of defects分为: ①Surface defect——如表面气孔、表面裂纹、砂 眼、咬边等; ②Near surface defect——如皮下气孔、夹杂等; ③Internal defect——如内部夹杂、气孔、缩孔、 裂纹、未熔合、未焊透等; (5)按缺陷的geometrical characteristic不同分为: ①volumetric defect—— 如孔洞、夹杂等; ②area type defect——如裂纹、未熔合、夹层等;
(3)按Defect property不同分为: ①Crack——如冷裂纹、热裂纹、再热裂纹、 层状撕裂、火口裂纹等; ②Hole——如缩孔、气孔等; ③Solid inclusion——如夹渣、夹钨等; ④Faulty fusion——如坡口未熔合、层间未熔合; ⑤Incomplete fusion——如根部未焊透、中部未 焊透; ⑥Other defects——未包含在以上5种缺陷中的缺 陷,如undercut、burnthrough、weld beading、 arc scratch.
(6)按具体缺陷的position feature又有不同的称谓: 例如: • 裂纹可分为:HAZ crack、weld crack 、 crater crack、toe crack、root crack; • 未熔合可分为: groove incomplete fusion、 incomplete fusion between layers、root department incomplete fusion (7)其它分类: ①According to different tendencies:transverse crack、longitudinal crack、chevron crack、 radiate crack; ② According to different sizes :macro crack、 micro crack
(2)Dialectical analysis of process defects ①The absoluteness of defect generation——In
actual production, the acquirement of the products without any defects is quite difficult; It is not economical or even impossible to make the products produced in batches without any defects. ② The relativity of defect evaluation standards——The relativity of waste standards. As for the same of various parts, the quality requirements are different due to the different working conditions. Therefore, the waste standards are also different.
• ③According to the mechanism of defect production, there are different classifications, such as: • The cracks in welded joints: hot crack、cold crack、reheat crack 、 lamellar tearing; • The porosity in welded joint: hydrogen porosity、nitrogen porosity 、 carbon monoxide porosity
Undercut-咬边
• 危害:造成局部应力 集中。 • 产生原因:焊接工艺 参数选择不当
焊缝超高
• 电弧擦伤-不允许
2.1 Concept and classification of process defects
2.1.1 Concept of process defects
(1) What are the process defects? 在材料加工成型过程中,经常会出现 某种或某些不合乎质量要求的appearance defect, property defect and organization defect 和更为严重的internal geometric defect(如 cracks、 pores、inclusions等)。我们把这些 “metallurgical factors 、 structural factors and technological factors”导致的产品质量不 符合相关参考标准的各类缺陷统称为工艺缺陷。
④ Repair of process defects:
Minor defect that do not affect the application can be tolerated. Serious defect that do not meet the requirements must be treated.
③ Geometric discontinuous defect—— 如焊件中的裂纹、孔洞、夹杂、未熔合、 未焊透,铸件中的缩孔、疏松、裂纹等 等; ④ Microstructure and performance defect——如机械性能不良、耐腐蚀性 下降、过热组织、脆性组织、偏析等等; ⑤ Other process defects—— 如spatter 、 scratch on surface、arc scratch、gouge、 grinding defect
Crack defects(必须避免)
Faulty fusion defects
• 熔化焊时,在焊缝金属与母材之间或焊道金属 之间未能完全熔化结合而留下的缝隙。有侧壁、 层间和根本未熔合等。 • 危害:面状缺陷,易造成应力集中,危害性大, 不允许。
• 产生原因:层间和 坡口侧壁渣清理不 干净;焊接电流偏 小;焊条偏离坡口 侧壁距离太大;焊 条摆动幅度太窄等;
Chapter 2 Defect Analysis
本章提要: 缺陷分析是无损检测的技术基础。 主要解决两方面的问题: 一是弄清defects’ classification、 property and harmfulness; 二是分析the causes of defects,以便有效地Identify defects and eliminate defects,提高工艺质量。 本章重点讲授defects’ classification and harmfulness。 缺陷的产生原因应结合《材料成型原理》课程内容深 入理解与总结。 最后,对Commonly used detectioቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ methods作简要 介绍。
Some defects can be repaired in time, and some defects may not be repaired which must be sentenced to waste.
Examples
• 比如: Excessive reinforcement,属于焊缝 形状不良,严重时可以Grinding;必要时 grinded the reinforcement smooth。 • 再如:sand inclusion on the surface of casting,可以通过repair welding来修复。 • 特别指出,考虑到焊接接头组织和性能的恶 化,某些产品的welding repair不允许超过2 次!所以,应该注意formulate a rigorous repair process ,否则就会造成Economic loss!
③ Formulation principle of waste standards:
Generally speaking, the higher the product quality level is, the greater the risk after failure will be, and the control of defects should be more strict. Therefore, It is necessary to pay attention to the implementation and reference to the relevant standards, which is also called the principle of fitness for purpose.