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3、翻译单位
词(word) 短语(phrase) 句子(sentence) 段落(paragraph) 篇章(text)
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关于段落： 应尽量保持原状 关于句子：
语义是判断依据 句子内部的信息点
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《子夜》片段
从西南开来到南京路口的一路电车正冲着那对头风挣扎；它那全身的 窗子就象害怕了似的扑扑地跳个不住。终于电车在华懋饭店门口那站 头上停住了，当先下来一位年青时髦女子，就象被那大风卷了去似的 直扑过马路，跳上华懋饭店门前的石阶级。 嘎嘎作响 A No.1 tram running from the southwest towards the Bund to the end of Nanjing Road was battling with the powerful 止步；停 head-wind and its windows rattled noisily as if trembling with fear. It finally came to a halt at the stop in front of the Cathay Hotel, and a fashionably-dressed young woman got off. She ran straight across the road as if driven forward by the wind and flew up the stone steps in front of the hotel.
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蕴涵意义的理解和表达
从贴切表达词语蕴涵意义的角度比较以下几组译文：
他是个纸老虎。 He is a paper tiger.
咱们俩的事，一条绳上拴着两只蚂蚱---谁也跑不了！ We’re like two grasshoppers tied to one cord, neither can get away! 伏击，埋伏 去设埋伏我们都没有信心，想他一定在昨天晚上就早溜了，今天去也 是瞎子点灯白费蜡。 We had no confidence in today’s ambush because we were sure he had escaped last night. It seemed as useless as a blind man lighting a candle.
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Teaching Procedures
1、翻译的一般程序 2、汉译英中的理解与表达 3、翻译单位 4、符号学三角理论（the Semiotic Triangle） 5、指称意义和蕴涵意义
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1、翻译的一般程序
1. 译前准备工作(preparation) 2. 理解与表达(working) 3. 校核(checking)
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太阳这么高了，大姑奶奶怎么还不露面？ It’s so late now, why hasn’t my niece shown up? 那女人泪流满面。（hyperbole） The woman shed a flood/stream of tears. Tears welled out of her eyes. Tears streaming down her face. 宗教不得干预政治。(personification) It is impermissible to interfere with politics in the name of religion.
第四章 汉译英的过程：理解与表达
Teaching objectives：使学生了解汉译英的过程 Teaching Focus：翻译的一般程序，汉译英中的理 解与表达，指称意义和蕴涵意义 Time Allocation：90 minutes Teaching Methods and Strategies: teacher presentation and class discussion
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2、汉译英中的理解与表达
原文表层结构 Source language Surface structure 解读 （分析） Analyzing 译文表层结构 Target language Surface structure 组织 （重构） restructuring
信息（意义） Message (meaning)
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语用意义
表征意义：话语中揭示发讯人身份及其地理、历史和阶级背景、年龄、 在交际中的态度等等的成份。 表达意义：语言符号的情感内容及其表达发讯人个性或个人创造性的 成份。 联想意义：语言符号唤起的联想以及它所暗示的、或者作为它一部分 的概念和印象。 祈使意义：发讯人企图改变收讯人行为或心态的意向，具体表现为命
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路上浮尘早已刮净，剩下一条洁白的大道来，车夫也跑得 更快。 By now the loose dust had all been blown away, leaving the roadway clean, and the rickshaw man quickened his pace. 他昨天擦破了皮，现在到医院换药去了。 He had a scratch yesterday and now has gone to change medicine in the hospital. He had a scratch yesterday and now has gone to change dressings in the hospital.句子和篇章反映的客观世界
语用学（研究语用意义）
语言符号与使用者的关系，是语言符号对 人产生的影响
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言内意义
音系层面：平仄；双声；叠词；头韵；押韵 语法层面：最不突出，因为可以预见 词汇层面：双关语；一语双叙；词语的前后呼应 句子层面：平行结构；反复；排比；对偶；顶真；回环 篇章层面：篇章的层次、段落的排列组合、句式的变化、 布局的和谐、语义的连贯、自然的衔接等。
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汉译英表达问题
一、译文加词 没有调查就没有发言权。(代词) He who makes no investigation and study has not right to speak. 早知他有病．我就不会叫他来了。（连词） If I had known he was ill, I would not have asked him to come. 1976年7月28日，唐山发生了大地震。（介词） On July 28, 1976, a big earthquake took place in Tangshan.
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把握修辞意义
霎时间，东西长安街成了喧腾的大海 At once, the Eastern and Western Chang'an Roads became roaring oceans. 爱自己尊如菩萨,待他人秽如粪土。 She had as high an opinion of herself as if she were a goddess, and treated others like dirt. 我半世的辛苦，全是替他们做马牛！ I’ve been slaving all these years just to make money for them. 太阳这么高了，大姑奶奶怎么还不露面？
蕴涵意义，也称情感意义，指词内含的情感和联想意义.主 要体现在词语的修辞色彩、文体特征、文化内涵等方面。
connotation, affective meaning, implied meaning, suggested meaning
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指称意义的理解和表达
英军胜利地登上了小岛。 a. The British army climbed onto the island successfully. b. The British army landed on the island successfully. 他对事情的进展情况也还满意。 He is quite satisfied with the way things went. 南京的风俗：但凡新媳妇进门，三日就要到厨下收拾一样菜，发个利 市。这菜一定是鱼，取“富贵有余”的意思。 The custom in Nanjing is for all brides to invite good luck by going to the kitchen on the third day and cooking a fish, which stands for fortune.
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4、符号学三角理论
Thought or Reference （思想或所指关系）概念
Symbol (符号） 语言
间接的联系
Referent （所指） 客观世界
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符号学的三分法
句法学（研究言内意义）
词语成分之间、句子成分之间和篇章成分 之间的关系所反映的意义。它在语音、词 汇、句子和篇章等层次均有体现
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蕴涵意义的理解和表达
克明：觉新哪，你听着！ Keming: Juexin, I want you to pay particular attention to this.
在我的后园，可以看见墙外有两株树，一株是枣树，还有一株也是枣 树。 Behind the wall of my backyard you can see two trees. One is a date tree, the other is also a date tree. 似蜡的 客人一走进大门，扑鼻的是一阵幽香，入目的是绿蜡似的叶子和红霞 或白雪似的的花朵…… As guests entered the gate, they would first smell a sweet fragrance and then see the waxy green leaves and the rainbow red or snow-white flowers.