第二部分英汉互译常用方法和技巧第一章词义的选择、引申和褒贬导入材料情学生翻译以下的短语和句子,并讨论英语和汉语的词义是否对等?翻译时是否可以简单地凭词语的释义选择对应的词语。
1)做人误译: do person正译: be a man2)The child was in his birthday suit and ran about the yard.误译:那个孩子穿着生日服装在院子里到处跑。
正译:那个孩子光着身子在院子里到处跑。
解析:“ in his birthday suit ”是一种戏谑的说法,意为“光着身子”。
3)His father is forty something.误译:他父亲有 40 件事缠身。
正译:他父亲 40 多岁。
解析:基数词+ something表示"xx多......... ” "xx几.... ”上例适用于表示年龄,下例用来表示时刻和金额。
e.g. Annie didn 't catch the six something train. David spent fifty something ona new pair of glasses.4)Every tom, Dick and Harry danced in the hall then.误译:当时,汤姆,迪克和哈里三人都在大厅里跳舞。
正译:当时,人人都在大厅里跳舞。
解析:在英美国家, Tom, Dick 和 Harry 等人名是很普通的,就像中国的"张三,李四,王五”那样,因此, every Tom, Dick and Harry ( 口语)意为"人人” ,5)This car is in repair.误译:这辆车在修理中。
正译:这辆车情况良好。
解析:in repair 意为“完好”,“修好”,“情况良好”。
“ This car is under repair. ” 才表示“这辆车在维修中”。
翻译,意味着将一种语言所表达的意思用另外一种语言忠实地表达出来。
然而,任何两种语言都不可能有完全对应的词汇以及其他表意系统,所以我们在翻译的时候,一定要仔细地分析词汇的真正含义,力求翻译的准确,而不是简单地逐词死译。
6)它有两大优点。
误译:It has two big fine dots.正译: There are two strengths about it.一、词义的选择(diction/ choice of words)英汉两种语言都有一词多类、一词多义现象。
一词多类是说一个词往往属于多个词类,具有几个不同的意义。
一词多义是说同一个词在同一词类中,往往有几个不同的词义。
在翻译的过程中,在弄清原句的结构后要善于选择和确定原句中关键词的词义:1.根据词在句子中的词类选择和确定词义。
2.根据上下文及词在句中的搭配关系选择词义。
1) 发货deliver goods2) 发传单distribute3) 发言speak at a meet ing4) 发光发热emit light andheat5) 发电gen erateelectricity以上各句中,“发”均作为动词,但是在英译时,要根据它在句中的实际意义,选择不同的词汇。
1)What did you have for breakfast?译:你今天早饭吃了什么?2)I bought this dictionary for five dollars. 译:我用五块钱买了这本字典。
3)I am all for it. 译:我完全赞成。
再看一下,下面的一组句子:1)I haven't had my holiday photos developed yet. 译:我还没洗假期的照片。
2)She'sdeveloped some very strange habits 译:她最近养成了一些怪习惯。
3)This exercise is designed to develop the shoulder and back muscles. 译:这个练习是为锻炼肩部和背部肌肉而设计的。
又如 :1)He is the last man to come. 译:他是最后来的。
2)He is the last man to do it. 译:他绝不会干那件事。
3)He is the last person for such a job. 译:他最不配干这个工作。
课堂练习题翻译下列的句子1)For all your explanations, I understand no better than before. 译:尽管你做了解释,我还是不懂。
2)It looks as if we are in for a big storm. 译:看来我们一定会碰上一场暴风雪。
3)Now that you are in for it, you must carry on. 译:既然你已经做了,就得做下去。
4)The fear is that these minor clashes may develop into all-out confrontation. 译:担忧的是这些小的冲突会发展成全面对抗。
5)Large cracks began to develop in the wall. 译:墙上出现了一些大的裂纹。
6)We must develop a new strategy to deal with the problem. 译:我们必须找出解决问题的策略。
7)He should be the last (last) man to blame. 译:怎么也不该怪他。
8)He is the last man to consult. 译:根本不要找他商量。
9)This is the last place where I expected to meet you. 译:我怎么也没有料到会在这个地方见到你。
课后练习题1. 试分析下列短语中,斜体字的具体词义,他们在翻译成英语时,该如何翻译。
打电话make a phone call 开飞机pilot a plane/ fly aplane打仗 fight a battle 开会hold a meeting打麻将play mah jong 开工go into operation打冷战shiver 开绿灯give free rein to打文件type the document 开玩笑make a joke打瞌睡nod 开灯turn on a light打太极拳 practice taiqiquan 开夜车burn the midnight oil打响指snap one's fingers 开关switch打喷嚏sneeze 开机器operate a machine打毛衣knit a sweater 开花blossom开门open a door 开业start a business开车drive a car2.根据上下文的联系以及词的搭配关系确定斜体部分在句中意义,并翻译句子.1)To take off her boots or to put them on was an agony to her. 译:脱鞋与穿鞋对她是一种痛苦,但这已经是多年以来的痛苦了。
2)An area the size of the Hornet 'flsight deck was marked off on an air trip and they practiced taking off time after from restricted space.译:在机场上标出了与大黄蜂号加班一样大小的一块地方,他们一次又一次的练习从这一块有限的面积上起飞。
3)He always sits on the very edge of his chair when he is working as though about to takeoff.译:他工作的时候,总是坐在椅子上,好像随时都会跳起身来的样子。
4)Their first major design was a pleated denim jean wit h external pockets dubbed ‘ baggies that took off in high schools and colleges and soon was imitated by other apparel manufacturers.译:他们的头一项重要设计师一种打褶的、缝上明袋的蓝色斜纹粗布裤,这种裤子人们称为“袋子” ,在中学和大学中首先流行,接着别的服装商也都很快仿制起来。
3.试分析下列短语中,斜体字的具体词义,他们在翻译成汉语时,该如何翻译。
1)I haven't seen the film, so don't spoil it for me by telling me what happens. 译:我还没看那电影呢,不要告诉我内容破坏我的兴致。
2)The dessert will spoil if you don't keep it in the fridge.译:这甜点,如果不放在冰箱里会坏的。
3)Since she supported none of the candidates, she spoiled her ballot paper. 译:由于她谁也不支持,所以她毁了她的选票。
4)When I'm feeling miserable I go shopping and spoil myself - a couple of new dresses always make mefeel better.译:我心情不好的时候就去逛街,放纵一下--几件新衣服就可以让我心情好起来。
5)Mr. Harvey, unable for once to do exactly as he wanted, sulked just like a spoilt child. 译:因为不能做自己想做的事情,汉维先生像孩子般的生闷气。
3.翻译中原语词汇确定基础上的目的语词汇的选择A.通过对词义的正确理解,尽量避免在翻译中的词汇的机械对应。
例如:英语水平: English proficiency生活水平: living standard游泳水平: swimming skill.1)他的游泳水平还很高。
误译: His swimming level is very high.正译: He has become quite good at swimming.2)他的英语水平比我高。