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第2章 肌细胞收缩 生理学课件

Resting : max. no. of cross bridges; max. tension 2.2-3.6 um no. of cross bridge < 1.65 um overlap of actin no. of cross bridge
从长度—张力曲线可看出: ①肌肉收缩存在一个最适初长度(即最适前负荷), 此状态下,肌肉收缩产生的主动张力最大。
➢ According to the nerve innervation: Voluntary Muscle, Involuntary Muscle
躯体神经支配的随意肌
自主神经支配的非随意肌
Skeletal Muscle
Cardiac Muscle
Smooth Muscle
Skeletal Muscle
Isotonic and Isometric Contractions
Isometric
Isotonic
isometric contraction
An isometric contraction occurs during an arm wrestling match when opponents generate equal forces
3. Ca2+浓度升高→横桥结合位点 暴露→肌肉收缩;③④
4. LSR上钙泵激活→Ca2+浓度降 低→横桥结合位点阻断→肌 肉舒张。⑤⑥
Excitation-Contraction Coupling
Ca2+离子浓度变化是关键!
➢SR释放Ca2+的机制
心肌: 钙触发钙释放(CICR)
骨骼肌:构象变化
L型钙通道引导骨骼肌SR释放Ca2+的过程
中,作
为一个电位变化敏感信号转导分子,而不是作为离子通道发挥作用。
➢胞浆Ca2+浓度降
钙泵 (SR) Na+-Ca2+交换体
肌膜上的钙泵
An Overview of the Process of Skeletal Muscle
ATPase breaks down ATP
横桥扭动时产生张力和缩短的示意图
Excitation-Contraction Coupling (E-C Coupling)
Within the sarcoplasm
Triad (三 联管)
➢ Transverse tubules ➢ Sarcoplasmic reticulum -Storage sites for calcium ➢ Terminal cisternae - Storage sites for calcium
Types of Contractions
Isometric:Length of muscle remains constant. Peak tension produced. Does not involve movement
Isotonic:Length of muscle changes. Tension fairly constant. Involves movement at joints
④胞浆中升高的Ca2+,由肌质网膜上的
Ca2+泵泵回肌质网(包括终池) →胞浆内
Ca2+↓→Ca2+与肌钙蛋白解离→原肌球蛋 白构型复原→位阻效应恢复→横桥不能与 肌动蛋白结合→细肌丝回位→肌肉舒张。
横桥周期
➢ Energy for Muscle Contraction ➢ ATP is required for muscle contraction:Myosin
终板膜endplate membrane
骨骼肌神经-肌接头处兴奋传递的主要步骤
Structural Reality
神经末稍的Ach量子式释放(quantal release)
终板电位(endplate potential, EPP): 运动神经传出冲动,末稍Ach释放引起的终板膜去极化 型局部电位,幅度可达50mV,超过肌细胞膜动作电位阈值的3-4倍,可保证神经肌肉接头1:1的 传递关系。
Skeletal Muscles need a signal to contract
(一)神经—骨骼肌接头处兴奋的传递 neuromuscular transmission
-
骨 骼 肌 神 经 接 头 处 的 兴 奋 传 递
神经-骨骼肌接头处的结构 接头前膜 prejunctional membrane 接头间隙 junctional cleft,与细胞 外液相通; 接头后膜 postjunctional membrane,又称
Structure of Skeletal Muscle
肌原纤维
I band:明带;A band:暗带 肌小节 (sarcomere):1/2明带+暗带+1/2明带;
A cross section through a sarcomere shows that: • each myosin can interact with 6 actin filaments, and • each actin can interact with 3 myosin filaments.
➢Determines the initial length of the muscle before contraction.
➢Initial length is the length of the muscle fiber before its contraction.
➢It is positively proportional to the preload.
①肌肉舒张状态时,横桥结合的ATP分解 (ADP和Pi仍留在头部)→蓄积能量而处于高 势能状态。 ②当终末池释放Ca2+ →肌浆内Ca2+↑与肌 钙蛋白结合→原肌球蛋白构型改变→解除 位阻效应→横桥与肌动蛋白结合→横桥向 M线方向摆动→拖动细肌丝滑行→肌小节 变短→肌肉收缩。 ③在横桥变构与摆动同时,ADP及Pi与横桥 分离→横桥再结合ATP→横桥与肌动蛋白 亲合力↓→并与肌动蛋白解离。解离后的 横桥随即将ATP分解,进入下一横桥周期。
Influence of parallel elastic component
Isometric Contraction
Ft Fp
Fc
l0
Note: Fc is under voluntary control & Fp is always present
The Effect of Sarcomere Length on Tension
Human body contains over 400 skeletal muscles 40-50% of total body weight
Functions of skeletal muscle Force production for locomotion and breathing Force production for postural support Heat production during cold stress
➢ According to the time of effect exerted by the loads on the muscle contraction the load was divided into two forms, preload and afterload.
Preload
➢Preload is a load on the muscle before muscle contraction.
actin (肌动蛋白) tropomyosin(原肌球蛋白,也称肌凝蛋
白) Troponin(肌钙蛋白)
Myosin (肌球蛋白)
Myofilament (肌丝)
肌动蛋白 actin;原肌球蛋白 tropomyosin; 肌钙 蛋白 Troponin 亚单位C、T及I
图2-21 从肌丝的横断面上示意Ca2+激活收缩蛋白
微终板电位(miniature endplate potential, MEPP):个别Ach囊泡自发释放所致的微小电变化 (去极化型局部电位,频率约每秒1次,幅度约为0.4mV,由一个Ach囊泡释放引起). Ach神经递质随机释放(1个量子≈10000 Ach分子) → MEPP( 0.4mV) 产生EPP(50mV),约需释放250个囊泡
➢ But it can prevent muscle from shortening because a part of force developed by contraction is used to overcome the afterload.
肌丝滑行理论 (myofilament sliding theory)
I band:明带;A band:暗带 肌小节 (sarcomere):1/2明带+暗带+1/2明带;
Myosin (肌球蛋白、肌凝蛋白)
Thick Myofilament
Thin Myofilament
Thin filaments(细肌丝):
肌质网的结构及贮Ca2+机制 纵行肌质网(LSR):包绕在肌原纤维周围,有钙泵。 连接肌质网(junctional SR)或终池(terminal cisterna):有大量Ca2+结合蛋白;同 时有钙释放通道(ryanodine受体)。
兴奋-收缩偶联的基本过程
1. AP →L型钙通道;
2.激活JSR膜上的ryanodine受体, 释放Ca2+;
Acetylcholine Receptors
2 ACh bind
4
K+ flows across membrane
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