Lecture 2 Basic Concepts in Translatology翻译学基本用语：源语/译出语source language(SL), original language译语/译入语target language(TL), receptor language, receiving language原作者SL author, original author译者(笔译者)translator译者(口译者)interpreter读者/接受者reader, receptor, audience文本text原文/原著source text (ST), SL text, original text, original version/original work译文target text, translation, target version, rendering, rendition译本/译著translated text/translational work源语读者source-language reader/SL reader源语文化source-language culture/source culture译语读者target-language reader/TL reader/receiving audience译语文化target-language culture/target culture/receivingculture语境context笔译written translation口译oral interpretation/oral translation/interpreting同声传译simultaneous interpreting交替口译consecutive interpreting翻译原则translation principle标准translation criterion (复数形式为criteria)翻译过程translation process翻译程序/步骤translation procedures反应/读者反应response/reader’s response对应(部分对应/完全对应)(partial /full )correspondence等值/对等equivalence对等物(词语)equivalent形式对等formal equivalence功能对等functional equivalence动态对等dynamic equivalence等效equivalent effect充分性adequacy可接受性acceptability(acceptable, unacceptable, unacceptability)可读性readability(readable)可译性translatability(translatable)不可译性untranslatability(untranslatable)表层结构surface structure深层结构deep structure理解understanding/comprehension表达expression再现reproduction/representation转换transformation传译/转移transferral/transfer误解misunderstanding误译mis-translation异化foreignization/alienation/exoticization/ exogenization/source-oriented translation归化domestication/naturalization/adaptation/endogenization /target-accommodating translation词汇空缺lexical gap文化沟(空缺/非对应)cultural gap直译literal translation/direct translation意译free translation/liberal translation/semantic translation直译派a literalist/a sourcerer意译派a free-hander/a targeteer重复法repetition增译法/增词法/增译amplification/addition 减译法/减词法/省略法/省译omission词类转移法/词性转换conversion反译法/正反译法/反正译法negation移植法transplant(ing)/transplantation音译法transliteration具体化specification概括化generalization抽象化abstracting明析化explicitation译借(语义转借)calque(loan translation)加注法annotation夹注intratextual note脚注footnote尾注/文后注endnote注释性翻译annotated/commented translation 释义法/解释法explanation/paraphrase引申法extension替代法substitution/replacement借用borrowing推演法deduction缀合法combination分译法division逆序法/倒置法reversing合译法combination综合法mixture of methods包孕embedding切断/分切cutting拆离splitting-off插入inserting重组recasting回译back translation还原法finding out the original原汁原味essence of the original, original flavor 词序调整inversion选词diction补偿compensation视点转换shift of perspective套译/仿译/仿拟imitation信/忠实faithfulness/fidelity达/易懂intelligibility/expressiveness通顺smoothness流畅fluency自然naturalness /idiomaticity雅/优美elegance/gracefulness简洁brevity明析clarity简明conciseness内涵connotation含义implication言外之意allocution本文意义(文本固有之意)inherent meaning (of the text)译者隐形translator’s invisibility透明(度)transparency宁信而不顺(鲁迅语) rahter to be faithful than smooth (“I’d rather be faithful than smooth”)神似(傅雷语) spiritual resemblance化境(钱钟书语)sublimation信、达、切(刘重德语)faithfulness, expressiveness and closeness (to the original style)三美: 音美,形美,意美(许渊冲语)the three beauties: beauty in sound, beauty in form and beauty in meaning东方语言Oriental languages西方语言Occidental languages佛经Buddhist Scriptures/sutra梵语Sanskrit鸠摩罗什Kumarajiva泰特勒(Alexander Fraser )Tytler奈达(Eugene A.) Nida机器翻译machine translation(MT)人工智能artificial intelligence(AI)翻译translate, render, rephrase, reword, transmit, re-express, transmute, transmogrify, interpret, convert, transform, transpose, express, transfer, turn 翻译学translatology/Translation Studies翻译体/翻译腔translationese死译/硬译mechanical translation逐字译word-for-word translation/word-to-word substitution/verbatim translation乱译/胡译excessively free translation歪译(意义扭曲)distortion惯用法usage搭配collocation约定俗成convention形合hypotaxis意合parataxis对应：（Correspondence）1）full correspondence：e.g. chalk2）partial correspondence e.g. 山（hill/mountain），虾（shrimp/lobster）青（blue/green/black）morning （早晨/上午）3）non- correspondence e.g. 粽子zongzi (a traditional food which eaten on Dragon Boat Festival in China ) / a pyramid-shaped rice dumpling wrapped inreed leafMagistrate 治安法官, 地方行政官Salad 色拉Examples:我的眼睛没有错,他是个小男孩。
（巴金）Oh, my , it’s a small boy. (dynamic equivalence, spiritual similarities 神韵)-----A Rickshaw Boy繁衍生息: live and multiply (inversion)思想: idea , thought, ideology , doctrine , concept , conception (diction)Repetition:李清照：寻寻觅觅，冷冷清清，凄凄惨惨戚戚。
林语堂：So dim, so dark, So dense, so dull, So damp, so dank, So dead!许渊冲：seek, seek; search, search; Cold, cold; bare, bare; Greif, grief; cruel, cruel. / I seek but seek in vain, I search and search again; I feel so sad, so drear; so lonely,without cheer.throw himself at her feet (Pride and Prejudice)把他自己抛/扔在她的脚下（硬/死译）/ 拜倒在她的石榴裙下（意译/归化）He used my daughter extremely ill (Pride and Prejudice)他把我的女儿用得太厉害；了（硬/死译）/ 他玩弄我的女儿Lecture 3 Translation Principles（I）●Types of translation:Intralingual translation 语内翻译Interlingual translation 语际翻译Intersemiotic translation 符际翻译翻译的分类：1、翻译：机器翻译；人工翻译2、机器翻译：全自动MT（FAMT），人助机译（HAMT），机助人译（CAT）；基于规则的MT，基于统计的MT3、人工翻译：笔译，口译，影视翻译，手语翻译4、笔译：全译，变译。