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▪ Adverbs are words that describe or add to the meaning of a verb, an adjective, another adverb, or a sentence, and which answers the questions introduced by how, where, when, etc. carefully, slowly, then, now
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4.2 Word Classes
▪ Nouns are words used to refer to people, objects, creatures, places, events, qualities, phenomena and abstract ideas as if they were all things. cats, dogs, war, wedding, courage, beauty, rain, love, hatred
▪ Pronouns are words which may replace nouns or noun phrases.
▪ Conjunctions are words used to connect and indicate relationships between events and things.
▪ Prepositions are words used with nouns in phrases providing information about time, place and other connections involving actions and things.
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▪ Syntax: study of the internal structures of sentence and the rules for the combination of words. Difference between morphology and syntax
▪ Morphology: the internal structure of words Syntax: the combination of words
b. Jack looked the word up. ▪ (3) *Cries fear the the of hunter blackbirds the.
Conclusion: The structure of sentence such as word order can change the meaning. Every sentence is a sequence of words but not every sequence of words is a sentence. Sentence formation has rules, so that we have well/ill formed or (un)grammatical sentences.
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Syntactic rules
▪ (1) a. The hunter fears the cries of the blackbirds.
b. The blackbirds fear the cries of the hunter. ▪ (2) a. Jack looked up the word.
英语语言学：第4章
Chapter 4 Syntax
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英语语言学：第4章
outline
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Word Classes
4.3 The Prescriptive Approach
4.4 The Descriptive Approach
4.4.1 Structural analysis
▪ For example, a noun can be defined as a form that comes after an article (a, an and the) and can ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱake inflections for possessive (-’s) and plural (-s). Of course, not all nouns (eg. information and mud) have all these characteristics.
4.4.2 Immediate constituent analysis
4.5 Constituent Structure Grammar
4.6 Transformational Grammar
4.7 Systemic Functional Grammar
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4.1 Introduction
▪ Articles, Exclamations, Numerals
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▪ The definitions above are useful for identifying most forms, but they are never completely accurate. A different approach might focus on some other properties of the word classes.
▪ Adjectives are words that describe the thing, quality, state or action which a noun refers to. beautiful, red
▪ Verbs are words used to refer to various actions and states involving the “things” in events. run, walk, seem
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Phrase structure rules