第一章 行列式1. 利用对角线法则计算下列三阶行列式: (1)381141102---;解 381141102---=2⨯(-4)⨯3+0⨯(-1)⨯(-1)+1⨯1⨯8 -0⨯1⨯3-2⨯(-1)⨯8-1⨯(-4)⨯(-1) =-24+8+16-4=-4. (2)b a c a c b cb a ;解 ba c a cb cb a=acb +bac +cba -bbb -aaa -ccc =3abc -a 3-b 3-c 3.(3)222111c b a c b a ;解 222111c b a c b a=bc 2+ca 2+ab 2-ac 2-ba 2-cb 2 =(a -b )(b -c )(c -a ).(4)y x y x x y x y yx y x +++.解 yx y x x y x y yx y x +++=x (x +y )y +yx (x +y )+(x +y )yx -y 3-(x +y )3-x 3 =3xy (x +y )-y 3-3x 2 y -x 3-y 3-x 3 =-2(x 3+y 3).2. 按自然数从小到大为标准次序, 求下列各排列的逆序数:(1)1 2 3 4; 解 逆序数为0 (2)4 1 3 2;解 逆序数为4: 41, 43, 42, 32. (3)3 4 2 1;解 逆序数为5: 3 2, 3 1, 4 2, 4 1, 2 1. (4)2 4 1 3;解 逆序数为3: 2 1, 4 1, 4 3. (5)1 3 ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ (2n -1) 2 4 ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ (2n );解 逆序数为2)1(-n n :3 2 (1个) 5 2, 5 4(2个) 7 2, 7 4, 7 6(3个) ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅(2n -1)2, (2n -1)4, (2n -1)6, ⋅ ⋅ ⋅, (2n -1)(2n -2) (n -1个)(6)1 3 ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ (2n -1) (2n ) (2n -2) ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ 2. 解 逆序数为n (n -1) : 3 2(1个) 5 2, 5 4 (2个) ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅(2n -1)2, (2n -1)4, (2n -1)6, ⋅ ⋅ ⋅, (2n -1)(2n -2) (n -1个) 4 2(1个) 6 2, 6 4(2个) ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅(2n )2, (2n )4, (2n )6, ⋅ ⋅ ⋅, (2n )(2n -2) (n -1个) 3. 写出四阶行列式中含有因子a 11a 23的项. 解 含因子a 11a 23的项的一般形式为(-1)t a 11a 23a 3r a 4s ,其中rs 是2和4构成的排列, 这种排列共有两个, 即24和42. 所以含因子a 11a 23的项分别是(-1)t a 11a 23a 32a 44=(-1)1a 11a 23a 32a 44=-a 11a 23a 32a 44, (-1)t a 11a 23a 34a 42=(-1)2a 11a 23a 34a 42=a 11a 23a 34a 42. 4. 计算下列各行列式:(1)71100251020214214;解 71100251020214214010014231020211021473234-----======c c c c 34)1(143102211014+-⨯---= 143102211014--=01417172001099323211=-++======c c c c .(2)2605232112131412-; 解 2605232112131412-260503212213041224--=====c c 041203212213041224--=====r r 000003212213041214=--=====r r . (3)efcf bf de cd bd aeac ab ---;解 ef cf bf de cd bd ae ac ab ---e c b e c b ec b adf ---=abcdef adfbce 4111111111=---=.(4)dc b a 100110011001---.解 d c b a 100110011001---dc b aab ar r 10011001101021---++===== dc a ab 101101)1)(1(12--+--=+01011123-+-++=====cd c ada ab dc ccdad ab +-+--=+111)1)(1(23=abcd +ab +cd +ad +1. 5. 证明:(1)1112222b b a a b ab a +=(a -b )3;证明1112222b b a a b ab a +00122222221213a b a b a a b a ab a c c c c ------=====ab a b a b a ab 22)1(22213-----=+21))((a b a a b a b +--==(a -b )3 . (2)y x z x z y zy x b a bz ay by ax bx az by ax bx az bz ay bx az bz ay by ax )(33+=+++++++++;证明bzay by ax bx az by ax bx az bz ay bxaz bz ay by ax +++++++++bzay by ax x by ax bx az z bxaz bz ay y b bz ay by ax z by ax bx az y bx az bz ay x a +++++++++++++=bz ay y x by ax x z bxaz z y b y by ax z x bx az y z bz ay x a +++++++=22z y x y x z xz y b y x z x z y z y x a 33+=y x z x z y zy x b y x z x z y z y x a 33+=y x z x z y zy x b a )(33+=.(3)0)3()2()1()3()2()1()3()2()1()3()2()1(2222222222222222=++++++++++++d d d d c c c c b b b b a a a a ; 证明 2222222222222222)3()2()1()3()2()1()3()2()1()3()2()1(++++++++++++d d d d c c c c b b b b a a a a (c 4-c 3, c 3-c 2, c 2-c 1得) 5232125232125232125232122222++++++++++++=d d d d c c c c b b b b a a a a (c 4-c 3, c 3-c 2得) 022122212221222122222=++++=d d c c b b a a .(4)444422221111d c b a d c b a d c b a =(a -b )(a -c )(a -d )(b -c )(b -d )(c -d )(a +b +c +d ); 证明 444422221111d c b a d c b a d c b a )()()(0)()()(001111222222222a d d a c c a b b a d d a c c a b b ad a c a b ---------=)()()(111))()((222a d d a c c a b b d c b a d a c a b +++---=))(())((00111))()((a b d b d d a b c b c c b d b c a d a c a b ++-++------=)()(11))()()()((a b d d a b c c b d b c a d a c a b ++++-----==(a -b )(a -c )(a -d )(b -c )(b -d )(c -d )(a +b +c +d ).(5)1221 1 000 00 1000 01a x a a a a x x xn n n +⋅⋅⋅-⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅-⋅⋅⋅--- =x n +a 1x n -1+ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ +a n -1x +a n .证明 用数学归纳法证明.当n =2时, 2121221a x a x a x a x D ++=+-=, 命题成立.假设对于(n -1)阶行列式命题成立, 即 D n -1=x n -1+a 1 x n -2+ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ +a n -2x +a n -1, 则D n 按第一列展开, 有11100 100 01)1(11-⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅-⋅⋅⋅--+=+-x x a xD D n n n n =xD n -1+a n =x n +a 1x n -1+ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ +a n -1x +a n . 因此, 对于n 阶行列式命题成立.6. 设n 阶行列式D =det(a ij ), 把D 上下翻转、或逆时针旋转90︒、或依副对角线翻转, 依次得n nn n a a a a D 11111 ⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅=, 11112 n nn n a a a a D ⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅= , 11113 a a a a D n nnn ⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅=,证明D D D n n 2)1(21)1(--==, D 3=D .证明 因为D =det(a ij ), 所以 nnn n n n nnnn a a a a a a a a a a D 2211111111111 )1( ⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅-=⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅=- ⋅⋅⋅=⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅--=-- )1()1(331122111121nnn n nn n n a a a a a a a a D D n n n n 2)1()1()2( 21)1()1(--+-+⋅⋅⋅++-=-=.同理可证nnn n n n a a a a D ⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅-=- )1(11112)1(2D D n n Tn n 2)1(2)1()1()1(---=-=. D D D D D n n n n n n n n =-=--=-=----)1(2)1(2)1(22)1(3)1()1()1()1(.7. 计算下列各行列式(D k 为k 阶行列式): (1)aa D n 11⋅⋅⋅=, 其中对角线上元素都是a , 未写出的元素都是0; 解 aa a a a D n 010 000 00 000 0010 00⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅=(按第n 行展开) )1()1(10 000 00 000 0010 000)1(-⨯-+⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅-=n n n aa a )1()1(2 )1(-⨯-⋅⋅⋅⋅-+n n n a a an n n nn a a a+⋅⋅⋅-⋅-=--+)2)(2(1)1()1(=a n -a n -2=a n -2(a 2-1).(2)xa a a x a a a xD n ⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅= ;解 将第一行乘(-1)分别加到其余各行, 得 ax x a ax x a a x x a aa a x D n --⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅--⋅⋅⋅--⋅⋅⋅=000 0 00 0, 再将各列都加到第一列上, 得ax ax a x aaa a n x D n -⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅-⋅⋅⋅-⋅⋅⋅-+=0000 0 0000 )1(=[x +(n -1)a ](x -a )n -1. (3)111 1 )( )1()( )1(1111⋅⋅⋅-⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅-⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅-⋅⋅⋅--⋅⋅⋅-=---+n a a a n a a a n a a a D n n n n nn n ; 解 根据第6题结果, 有 nnn n n n n n n n a a a n a a a n a a aD )( )1()( )1( 1111)1(1112)1(1-⋅⋅⋅--⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅-⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅-⋅⋅⋅-⋅⋅⋅-=---++ 此行列式为范德蒙德行列式. ∏≥>≥++++--+--=112)1(1)]1()1[()1(j i n n n n j a i a D∏≥>≥++---=112)1()]([)1(j i n n n j i∏≥>≥++⋅⋅⋅+-++-⋅-⋅-=1121)1(2)1()()1()1(j i n n n n n j i∏≥>≥+-=11)(j i n j i .(4)n nnnn d c d c b a b a D ⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅=11112; 解nnnnn d c d c b a b a D ⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅=11112(按第1行展开) nn n n n nd d c d c b a b a a 00011111111----⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅=0)1(1111111112c d c d c b a b a b nn n n n nn ----+⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅-+. 再按最后一行展开得递推公式D 2n =a n d n D 2n -2-b n c n D 2n -2, 即D 2n =(a n d n -b n c n )D 2n -2.于是 ∏=-=ni i i i i n D c b d a D 222)(.而 111111112c b d a d c b a D -==, 所以 ∏=-=n i i i i i n c b d a D 12)(. (5) D =det(a ij ), 其中a ij =|i -j |; 解 a ij =|i -j |, 043214 01233 10122 21011 3210)det(⋅⋅⋅----⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅-⋅⋅⋅-⋅⋅⋅-⋅⋅⋅-⋅⋅⋅==n n n n n n n n a D ij n 0 4321 1 11111 11111 11111 1111 2132⋅⋅⋅----⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅----⋅⋅⋅---⋅⋅⋅--⋅⋅⋅--⋅⋅⋅-=====n n n n r r r r 15242321 0 22210 02210 00210 0001 1213-⋅⋅⋅----⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅----⋅⋅⋅---⋅⋅⋅--⋅⋅⋅-+⋅⋅⋅+=====n n n n n c c c c =(-1)n -1(n -1)2n -2.(6)nn a a a D +⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅+⋅⋅⋅+=1 11 1 1111121, 其中a 1a 2 ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ a n≠0.解nn a a a D +⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅+⋅⋅⋅+=1 11 1 1111121 nn n n a a a a a a a a a c c c c +-⋅⋅⋅-⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅-⋅⋅⋅-⋅⋅⋅-⋅⋅⋅-=====--10 0001 000 100 0100 0100 0011332212132 1111312112111011 000 00 11000 01100 001 ------+-⋅⋅⋅-⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅-⋅⋅⋅-⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅=nn n a a a a a a a a∑=------+⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅=n i i n n a a a a a a a a 1111131******** 00010 000 00 10000 01000 001)11)((121∑=+=ni i n a a a a .8. 用克莱姆法则解下列方程组:(1)⎪⎩⎪⎨⎧=+++-=----=+-+=+++01123253224254321432143214321x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x ;解 因为14211213513241211111-=----=D , 142112105132412211151-=------=D , 284112035122412111512-=-----=D , 426110135232422115113-=----=D , 14202132132212151114=-----=D , 所以 111==DD x , 222==D D x , 333==D D x , 144-==D D x .(2)⎪⎪⎩⎪⎪⎨⎧=+=++=++=++=+150650650651655454343232121x x x x x x x x x x x x x .解 因为 665510006510006510065100065==D , 150751001651000651000650000611==D , 114551010651000650000601000152-==D ,70351100650000601000051001653==D , 39551000601000051000651010654-==D , 2121100005100065100651100655==D , 所以66515071=x , 66511452-=x , 6657033=x , 6653954-=x , 6652124=x .9. 问λ, μ取何值时, 齐次线性方程组⎪⎩⎪⎨⎧=++=++=++0200321321321x x x x x x x x x μμλ有非零解？解 系数行列式为μλμμμλ-==1211111D .令D =0, 得 μ=0或λ=1.于是, 当μ=0或λ=1时该齐次线性方程组有非零解.10. 问λ取何值时, 齐次线性方程组⎪⎩⎪⎨⎧=-++=+-+=+--0)1(0)3(2042)1(321321321x x x x x x x x x λλλ有非零解？解 系数行列式为λλλλλλλ--+--=----=101112431111132421D=(1-λ)3+(λ-3)-4(1-λ)-2(1-λ)(-3-λ) =(1-λ)3+2(1-λ)2+λ-3. 令D =0, 得λ=0, λ=2或λ=3.于是, 当λ=0, λ=2或λ=3时, 该齐次线性方程组有非零解.。