Background 3
SL /FL teaching offers a big market in the world, particularly English teaching. It needs some theories to guide, particularly after WW II.
2. How do learners acquire a second language? Explaining (why) sociolinguistic & cognitive studies: external factors—social situation/ input/output/interaction/meaning negotiation internal factors---mental/learning process— existing knowledge---internalizing knowledge of L2/communication difficulties (communication strategies)
Basic questions in SLA research
1. What do second language learners acquire? 2. How do learners acquire a second language? 3. What differences are there in the way in which individual learners acquire a second language? 4. What effects does instruction have on second language acquisition.
What is SLA?
A theoretical and experimental field of study which,looks at the phenomenon of language development. A general term for both untutored (naturalistic) and tutored (classroom) acquisition.
4. What effects does instruction have on second language acquisition? Former research: classroom learning in the same way as children acquire their mother tongue Turning to studying the effects that instruction of various kinds has on SLA. Classroom instruction: control precisely the nature of input learners exposed to. Testing the hypothesis regarding how particular features of an L2 are acquired.
What is SLA?
The processes by which people develop proficiency in a second or foreign language.( how to learn or acquire it) These processes are often investigated with the expectation that information about them may be useful in language teaching.
SLA
Second language acquisition is a complex phenomenon and it means different things to different people.
学科归属
从整个领域的发展和理论建设来看, 二语习 得不完全是应用语言学, Long( 2007: 3) 指 出二语习得就像应用语言学, 是一门跨学科 研究领域。二语习得就是二语习得, 不是别 的学科, 也不是别的学科的附庸。 学科难以定名，学科独立有难度。 (如 二语 习得学!）二语习得研究者多来自二语 /外语 教学界, 使其难以在短期内从应用语言学中 剥离出来。心理语言学家关注二语习得的 心理过程, 研究成果也难从心理语言学剥离 开来。(戴曼纯, 2010)
3. What differences are there in the way in which individual learners acquire a second language? Why are some successful in SLA while others are not? Focus on learners Individual learners differences Age, sex, motivation, attitude, aptitude, cognitive/learning styles, personality, learning strategies...
Sample
Title: Nothing succeeds without a strong will
As we all known, ‖where there is a will, there is a way‖. What is strong will ? Not changed a decision ? Persist in doing something? Or a belief ? Maybe it all be !
What is SLA?
A discipline that covers linguistics, psychology, education, sociolinguistics, psycholinguistics, neurolinguistics… --- an interdisciplinary study
二语习得研究跨多门学科, 研究视角囊括教育学 (包括教育心理学 )、 心理学、 语言学、 社会文 化等, 涉及二语习得的内在因素 (如中介语知识表 征、 心理语言过程、 情感、 认知等 )和外在条件 (如语言环境、 语言输入、 教学活动等 )。 (戴曼纯, 2010)
SLA
The research examine aspects of the learner‘s usage or use of the L2 in actual performance, by collecting and analysizing either samples of learner language, reports of learner‘s introspections, or learner‘s production data.
Second Language Acquisitioy and Approach
Unit 1
Introduction
Introduction to SLA
1. What is SLA? 2. Basic questions in SLA 3. Background 4. Terms 5. Aims 6. Its development 7. Some linguists and their theories 8. Exercises and topics for group discussion
1. What do second language learners acquire? Describing (what) Interlanguage/fossilization/errors describing the behavior and developing systems of learner learning a new language collect samples/describe the main features/inspect errors
Background 2
It came into being between the end of 1960s and the beginning of 1970s. ( Lasen-Freeman: 5 ) Raimes found 29 articles listed under the topic heading ‗second language learning’ (ibid) ―…for the two years 1979—80 in a topical area which was renamed second language acquisition
The four questions serve as heuristic for exploring SLA research and help researchers identify a number of key issues.
Background 1
―… is a fairly recent phenomenon, belonging to the second half of the twentieth century.‖ ― Its emergence at this time is perhaps no accident. This has been a time of the global village and the ‗ World Wide Web‖, when communication between people has expanded way beyond their local speech communities (Ellis, 1997:3)