Introduction to TranslationI. Teaching Objectives:●To introduce the students the history of translation●To introduce the students the definiton of translation and its classification ●To help the students realize the importance of translationII. Important points:●The defintion of translation ---- cross-linguistic, cross-cultural,cross-socialIII. Time allotment: 2 periodsIV. Teaching procedures:1. lead-inA story in bible which told how important translation was in the world.2. The history of translation:five climaxes abroad, four climaxes at home3. The definiton of translation:a. to turn from one language into another (The Oxford English Dictionary)b. to turn itno one’s own or another language (Webster’s Third New International Dictionary of the English language)4. The classification of translationIntralingual translation/interlingual translationInterpretation/translation5. PreviewTranslation standardI. Teaching Objectives:●To introduce variaties of theories about translation standard proposed bydifferent scholars●To help the students learn the basic principles in translating as beginners II.Important points:Faithfullness and smoothnessIII. Difficult pointsYan Fu: “信”, “达”, “雅”IV. Time allotment: 2 periodsⅤ. Teaching procedures:1. Various theories:a.Geogre Campbell (English translator): The first thing... is to give a justrepresentation of the sense of the original... The second thing is, to convey into his version, as much as possible, in a consistency with the genius of the language which he writes, the author’s spirit and manner...The third adn last thing is, to take care, the version have at least, so far the quality of anoriginal performance, as to appear natural and easy...(Venuti, 1995:75) b.Lefevere: 1. That the translation should give a complete transcript of theideas of the original work. 2. That the style and manner of writing should be of the same character with that of the original. 3. That the translation should have all the ease of original composition.(Lefevere, 1992b, 128) c.严复：信、达、雅从严复本人对信达雅的解释来看，所谓“信”是意义不倍（背）本文，即忠实。
“达”指不拘泥于原文的用词造句，而尽译语言这能事以求语义明显，近乎通顺。
“雅”则要求译文必须用“汉以前的字法句法”，故可求其尔雅。
但他又主张“与其伤雅，毋宁失真”，除特殊情况外，似有过分强调文笔优美的倾向。
2. Basic principles for beginners概括起来，翻译要解决的根本问题有两个，一是“忠实”的问题，二是“通顺”的问题。
所谓忠实，首先指要忠实于原作的思想内容，一般情况下，译者应把原作的思想内容完整而准确地传达出来，不得无端加以篡改、歪曲、遗漏或增删。
这里所说的思想内容，通常指作品中所叙述的事实，说明的事理，描写的人物，以及作者在叙述、说明、描写的过程中反映的立场观点，所流露的思想情感。
忠实还指保持原作的风格。
所谓通顺，是指译文语言必须通顺易懂，合乎规范。
在翻译中，忠实与通顺是一个矛盾统一体的两个方面，二者相辅相成，不可割裂。
忠实而不通顺，读者看不懂，或者看不下去，忠实便失去意义，实际上就是不忠实；通顺而不忠实，读者看倒可能看下去，但是得到的是被歪曲的信息，其危害比忠实而不通顺还要严重。
3. Example(E-C):a. The commuter dies with tremendous mileage to his credit.b. I was with my father on a business-and-pleasure trip.c. Size don’t matter, chopping wood...4. From there I could see the whole valley below, the fields, the river, and the village. It was all very beautiful, and the sight of it filled me with longing.4. Preview and exercisesLecture ThreeLiteral translation/idiomatic translation(直译和意译)I. Teaching Objectives:●To introduce literal translation and idiomatic translation●To distinguish literal translation and idiomatic translationII.Important points:Difference between literal translation and idiomatic translationIII. Difficult pointsDifference between literal translation and idiomatic translationIV. Time allotment: 2 periodsⅤ. Teaching procedures:1.preview: faithfulness and smoothness2.直译所谓直译(literal translation)并非完全不考虑英汉词义的不同和句式的差别去机械地进行词对词翻译(word-for-word translation),而是在考虑这些差异并照顾原文表达形式的前提下允许译者针对原文在短语层次上作必要的调整。
换言之，在译文中既保持原文内容，又保持原文的形式，对原文的谴词造句、比喻形象一般不做大的变动，即使变动也是为了照顾到译入语的规范和流畅。
3.意译所谓意译也不完全是无拘无束的自由翻译(free translation)，而是在原文表达形式与译文表达形式发生矛盾时采用适当变通原文形式甚至改变原文形式的方法，使译文尽量符合译入语的表达习惯和原作的深层含义，从而读起来近乎用译入语直接写出的文本。
4.区别实际上，直译意译只是在切分对应层次的单位大小上有区别，并无实质性的区别。
前者以词和短语结构为基本对应单位，后者则扩大到瓬与句短以求得更大范围内的翻译对应值。
5.Example实例a.But I hated Skamoto, and I had a feeling he’d surely lead us both to ouranlestors.b.Hitler was armed to the teeth when he lauched the second World War, butin a few years, he was completely defeated.c.Don’t cross the bridge till you get to it.d.Do you see any green in my eye?e.To kill two birds with one stone.f.To shed crocodile tears6. ExercisesLecture FourDomestication/foreignizationI. Teaching Objectives:●To introduce the students domestication and foreignization●To help the students tell the difference between domestication andforeignization●To help the students tell the difference between literal translation andforeignization and the difference between idiomatic translation and domesticationII.Important points:Domestication and foreignizationIII. Difficult pointsDifference of two groups of conceptsIV. Time allotment: 2 periodsⅤ. Teaching procedures:1.preview: literal translation and idiomatic translation2.异化与归化及区别异化和归化作为两个互相关联的对应概念，还是在翻译研究出现“文化转向”之后，于1995年同美国翻译理论家劳伦斯·韦努蒂在《译者的隐形》（The Translator’s Invisibility）一书中提出的。