Learning some items may disrupt retrieval of other information
Proactive (forward acting) Interference
disruptive effect of prior learning on recall of new information
Serial Position Effect--tendency to recall best the last items in a list
What Do We Encode?
Semantic Encoding
encoding of meaning including meaning of words
Facts-general knowledge (“semantic memory”)
Personally experienced events (“episodic memory”)
Skills-motor and cognitive
Dispositionsclassical and operant conditioning effects
Recognition
Measure of memory in which the person has only to identify items previously learned as on a multiple-choice test
Retrieval
Relearning
Organized information is more easily recalled
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Storage: Short-Term Memory
Percentage 90 who recalled consonants 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
Short-Term Memory
Forgetting
Forgetting as encoding failure Which penny is the real thing?
Forgetting
Percentage of list retained when relearning
60 50
40
30 20 10 0 12345 10 15 20 25
Ebbinghaus forgetting curve over 30 days-initially rapid, then levels off with time
30 Time in days since learning list
Forgetting
Forgetting can result from failure to retrieve information from long-term memory
memory measure that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material a second time
Priming
activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations in memory
15
10
5 0
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Number of repetitions of list on day 1
Encoding: Serial Position Effect
Percent age of words recalled
90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Position of word in list 9 10 11 12
Chill
spark
trail
Encoding
Chunking
organizing items into familiar, manageable units
like horizontal organization--1776149218121941
Encoding: Chunking
Encoding
Effortful Processing
requires attention and conscious effort
Encoding
Ebbinghaus used nonsense syllables
TUV ZOF GEK WAV the more times practiced on Day 1, the fewer repetitions to relearn on Day 2
Forgetting
Forgetting as encoding failure
Information never enters the long-term memory
Attention External events Short- Encoding Sensory term memory Encoding memory Encoding failure leads to forgetting Longterm memory
Encoding the processing of information into the memory system i.e., extracting meaning
Memory
Storage
the retention of encoded information over time
Retrieval: Getting Information Out
Recall
measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier as on a fill-in-the blank test
Storage: Long-Term Memory Subsystems
Types of long-term memories
Explicit (declarative) With conscious recall
Implicit (nondeclarative) Without conscious recall
Attention
External events Sensory memory
Encoding
Short-term Long-term memory Retrieval memory
Encoding
Retrieval failure leads to forgetting
Forgetting as Interference
limited in duration and capacity “magical” number 7+/-2
3
6
9
12
15
18
Time in seconds between presentation of contestants and recall request (no rehearsal allowed)
Acoustic Encoding
encoding of sound especially sound of words
Visual Encoding
encoding of picture images
Encoding
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Encoding
Imagery
mental pictures a powerful aid to effortful processing, especially when combined with semantic encoding
Encoding: Getting Information In
Encoding
Effortful
Automatic
Encoding
Automatic Processing unconscious encoding of incidental information space time
Retrieval
process of getting information out of memory
Memory
Sensory Memory
the immediate, initial recording of sensory information in the memory system
Chapter 3 MENTAL PROCESS
Liping Jia
Two questions
What did you learn in the class before this class? If you win 5 million lottery, how do you feel?
Memory
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Memory
persistence of learning over time via the storage and retrieval of information
Memory
You remembered what you learned in the last class, this is memory. Memory is very important for us With out memory, we can not know our parents, friends and so on. Our life will be terrible. Alzheimer's disease