Chapter one 2012-3-27
❤翻译可分为口译interpretation和笔译translation。
❤Interpretation can be divided into two types: one is consecutive interpretation, another is simultaneous interpretation.
❤翻译三原则（George Washington Campbell，Alexander Fraser Tytler）
1.原作的意义、意思
2.原作的思想、精神
3.流畅、通顺
❤翻译方法1.直译literal translation 2.意译free translation 3.音译transliteration
❤山雨欲来风满楼The coming events cast their shadows before.
才学最差，叫喊最多The worst wheel of a cart creaks most.
与……狼狈为奸hand in glove with…
乱七八糟at sixes and sevens
千载难逢once in a blue moon
路必有弯，势必有转机It is a long lane that has no turning.
家丑不可外扬It is an ill bird that fouls its own nest.
❤The main principles of TRANSLITERA TION
1.准确读音
2.正确拼写姓名拼写中姓与名要空一格首字母要大写eg. Pu Songling
地名拼写中首字母大写不空格eg. Fujian Guangdong Xi’an
一般来说除地名人名之外其他专有名词英译时首字母要大写如汉Han;
一般名词要小写
3.弄清词源有些词需要追溯到最初发音以利于音译eg.菩萨Bodhisattva
4.约定俗成eg. 孙中山Sun Y at-sen 宋庆龄Soong Ching Ling 陈嘉庚Tan Kah Kee
5.准确回译eg. 纽约New Y ork
6.缩略语复原eg. 闽Fujian 武大Wuhan University
Chapter two 2012-3-28
❤The classification of CULTURE
1.物质文化material culture
2.制度文化institutional culture
3.心理文化mental culture
❤中英思维方式对比
1.中国人注重伦理，英美人注重认知
2.中国人注重整体、偏重综合性思维；英美人注重个体、偏重分析性思维
3.中国人重直觉，英美人重实证
4.中国人重形象思维，英美人重逻辑思维
Chapter three 2012-3-31
❤词语的指称意义与蕴含意义的对比
1.指称意义是词语在交际过程中所表达的字面的最基本的意义，相当于一种约定俗
成的认知
2.蕴含意义的理解与表达eg:His wife was unfaithful to him, and he became a cuckold.
他老婆红杏出墙，给他戴了顶绿帽子。
此处注意红和绿。
❤词语英译与语言语境
1.根据语言语境确定原文词义：“醉心于……”be engrossed in褒be infatuated with
贬
2.根据语言环境选择译文用词：①Mum gave a book as my birthday present .
②It’s raining and I have brought you an umbrella.
3.根据语言语境消除歧义
❤语言环境和词语感情色彩的传达
❤词语英译与文化语境
e.g. 一肚子的酒，几乎全化作醋酸……（钱钟书，《围城》）
The wine in Xinmei’s stomach turned to vinegar in his jealousy.
“醋酸”代表吃醋而不可直接翻译为vinegar
e.g. 今天饭菜不好，请多包涵。
There are best dishes we are able to prepare. Please make yourself at home.
Chapter four 2012-4-3
❤简单句与省译法：①省译特定的范畴词，如“现象”、“局面”等。
E.g. The molecules are perpetually in motion.分子处于永恒的运动状态中。
②省译原文中不言而喻的词语。
E.g. This is the fundamental road to prosperity.这是走向繁荣的最根本的道路。
③省略华而不实的修饰语。
④省略某些动词。
E.g. Mutual understanding is the basis for state-to-state relations.相互了解是发展国与国之间关系的前提。
❤复句与增译法：①语义性增词②结构性增词③为沟通不同文化而增词（专有名词的解释etc。
）
❤长句翻译：①顺译法②断句法③合并法
Chapter five 2012-4-11
❤英语篇章结构方面段落较短，语义相互关联的几句话就可以组成一个段落。
而中文段落所包含的信息量较大。
句群结构调整的问题
❤篇章衔接
Chapter six 2012-4-18
❤小说的特点：①意境和氛围②个性化的语言方式
❤小说的翻译要求：①透过表面意义、看到文字的精神；
e.g.: When you are getting on in years, you tend to have a feeling that seems rather odd, but, in fact, not very much so. 人到了老年，会有一种似乎奇怪又不奇怪的现象。
②熟谙英汉两种语言，译文浑然一体
e.g.: Having studied at the school for one year, I found that my grades had gone far apart: my Chinese(called “national language”then) was top of the class and so was my fine art(called “drawing” at that time); but in English I brought up the rear; in other subject, I was just above average…As a twelve-or-thirteen-year-old junior school student, I was naughty you bet, and my naughtiness also topped the class.
入学之后，一年下来，我的各门功课就相差太悬殊了！语文（当时叫国文）全班第一；美术（当时叫图画）全班第一；而英语（当时叫英文）全班倒数第一……作为一个十二、三岁的初中生，爱玩爱闹，我的顽皮程度，可能也是全班第一。