Verb Compounds
noun+verb:day-dream，sun-bathe verb+verb:sleep-walk
adjective+verb:white-wash
adv+v:overcome,outgrow,uphold(支持)
能产性规则不能任意派生新词， 构词的形态规则处于变化之中， 可能变弱，消失，也可能变成能 产性规则。
Derivation（派生词）
• Derivation is an affixational process that rms a word with a meaning and/or category distinct from that of its bases.
Productive Prefix
• re-, pre-, non-, un-, de-, anti-, dis-, In/im/il/ir-, be-, mis-, auto-, self-,-post-, tele-, super-, en-…
Productive Suffix
adj.后缀：-er, -ness, -ese, ism, -ist,-ics… n.后缀：-able, -ish, -less, -ic… v.后缀：-ise/ize, -ify…
• The morphemes which are for the most part purely grammatical markers and signify such concepts as tense, number, case and so on. • They are attached to words or morphemes, but they never change their syntactic category. • 1). Numbers: tables, apples. • 2). Tense: talk, talks, talking, talked. • 3). John’s
3.5 Derivational and inflectional morphemes
• Derivational morphemes(派生语素)： • The morphemes which are added to the stem to create a word. They may change the meaning or grammatical class of words. • Black-blacken computercomputerize • Affection-affectionate alcoholalcoholic
3.8Compounding(
复合词）
Words are formed by putting two words together. Compounds have strict patterns ： the first element in the compound receives the main stress ,but it is generally the second element that determines the compound’s new word class.
Noun Compounds
n+n v+n adj+n Ving+n pron+n adv+n v+adv adv+v n+prep+n bank-note，newspaper，cellphone pickpocket，break-water(防波堤) forehead，greenhouse，blackboard hiding-place，reading-room he-goat，she-wolf overcoat，inland break-in，breakdown，breakup output，overflow editor-in-chief，father-in-law，mother-in-law
Inflectional morphemes(屈折语素)
3.6 Morphological rules of word formation(构词词素音 位规则）
• A: kroup, rearn, slarm • B: slowly, clearly, quickly • The ways words are formed are called morphological rules. • Productive morphological rules (能产 性词素规则)
Some Common Rules
• • • • • • un+adj.=not+adj. re+v.=v.+again dis+adj.=not+adj. in/im/il/ir+adj.=not+adj anti+n.=being against/opposite to+n. v.+able=able to be+v.-ed
They are planning to computerize their entire accounting system. It is wet today. Cathy found it exciting to drive on the elevated road.
To has only a grammatical “meaning” as an infinitive(不定式标记), and, it, as a morpheme, is required by the syntactic rules of the language. It is not always possible to assign a lexical meaning to some of the morphemes.
Adjective Compounds
n+adj:world-famous,snow-white, lifelong v+adj:stir-crazy adj+adj：red-hot，bitter-sweet, dark-blue adv+adj:ever-green，over-sensitive adj+n:part-time, second-hand, bare-foot num+n:five-year num+n+adj:five-year-old,sic-inch-tall num+ned:four-legged, six-storied , two-faced