are English consonants classified?
• 2. How are English Vowels classified?
• 3. What are phonemes and allophones?
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Chapter 3
Morphology
• variable words & invariable words (variability)
• —variable words: the words whose form is
changeable, words which might appear in
different inflective and derivative forms, v. n.
embody
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Suffixes
• Suffixes modify the meaning of the original word and in many cases change its part of speech.
• Accordingly, there are noun-forming suffixes, adjective-forming suffixes, adverb-forming suffixes, and verbforming suffixes.
• the part left when all the affixes are removed 词根
• the part left when a certain affix is removed
词干
A certain affix here refers to an inflectional affix: grammatical endings
• variable words & invariable words • open-class words & closed-class words • traditional parts of speech & additional
four categories
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Classification of words (2)
的 • -ful (adj) beautiful美麗的, delightful愉悅的,
sorrowful悲傷的 • -en (V 使..) weaken使變弱 , darken, deepen • -ize (v …化) modernize使現代化 • -ly (adj+ -ly=adv n + -ly= adj) slowly慢慢地,
The system of language
Discourses Phrase, clause,
Sentences Words
Morphemes
Sounds
Pragmatics Syntax
Morphology Phonology Phonetics
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Key points
• Definition of morphology • Definition of morphemes • Classifications of morphemes • The formation of words
rearrange) • relative uninterruptibility --internal
structure (can’t insert)
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3.1 Classification of words(1)
• Basic word stock & non-basic vocabulary • Content words & functional words • Native words & borrowed words
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3.2 The formation of word
• Preview questions:
• 1. What is morphology? • 2. What is morpheme? What is the
biggest difference between morpheme and phoneme? • 3. How can we classify morphemes?
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Morphology
• For example: • Verbs are formed by adding –ify to
either an adjective (adj.) or a noun (n.) • 在形容詞或名詞加-ify變成動詞
*simple (adj.)
simplify (v) 簡化
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Types of morphemes (2): Affix
• Affix: normally divided into:
– Prefix (dis-, un-) prefixes occur at
the beginning of a word.
– suffix (-en, -ify) at the end
– infix (foot-feet) in the middle
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Prefix 前綴
• mis- 誤 mistake 誤解
• over- 過分 overdo 做得過分
• Prefixes modify the meaning of the stem, but usually do not change the part of speech of the original word.
• Roots may be:
– Free: those that can stand by themselves,
E.g.: black+board; nation+-al; or
– bound: those that cannot stand by themselves,
E.g.: -ceive in receive, perceive, conceive.
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Types of morphemes (2): Root
• Root: the base form of a word that cannot be further analyzed without total loss of identity,
• E.g.: friend as in unfriendliness.
• Exceptions are the prefixes be-, and en(m)-.
• Added to adjectives or nouns they turn the words into verbs, for example：
little
belittle
large
enlarge
body
• --invariable words: the words whose form
is unchangeable, words which usually occur in the same form such as: since, in, for, of, at, on
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Classification of words (3)
friendly友善的 • -ward (往…方向) forward(adv)往前, eastward
往東
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Types of morphemes (2): Stem
e.g. He likes the animal, so do i. e.g. The desk is white, so is the chair. Determiners 限定词 ‘the’, ‘a’, ‘some’, ‘all’ e.g. ‘all the beautiful Chinese girls’,
*quality (n)
qualify (v)使具有資格
*identity (n)
identify (v) 認出
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3.2.1 Morphemes
• Definition:
• The most basic element of meaning is traditionally called morpheme.
• open-class words & closed-class words (membership)
• --open-class words: membership is
unlimited, n. v. (economic words, scientific words.)
• --closed-class words: membership is
• e.g.: -s in dogs, -ed in worked, dis- in
dislike, un- in unable.
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Types of morphemes (2)
• root • stem
• affix
• the part which is attached to other words; usually bound morphemes 词缀
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3.2.1 Morphology
sentence clause phrase word
morpheme sound
• Definition: the study of word-formation, or the internal structure of words, or the rules by which words are formed from smaller components: morphemes.
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3.1 Definition of a word
• A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function.