• Functional morphemes: prepositions, conjunct 虚词
英语语言学概论Morphology形态学
• Bound morphemes(粘着词素): those that can not occur alone as separate words.-ful, -less, re- de, tele-vis-ion, un-happy
• blackboard=black+board • disagree=dis +agree • 2 meaningful: can not be further
divided without destroying its meaning • cap+tain, man+age==manage
英语语言学概论Morphology形态学
Chapter 5 Morphology(形态学, 词法学)
Internal structures of words and rules of word formation
英语语言学概论Morphology形态学
careful wonderful successful beautiful widen deepen shorten fasten sharpen Impossible, incorrect, improper, illegal, report, import export transport support porter respect inspect expect suspect prospect boys girls toys books tables bottles working, thinking speaking, cutting, hitting the, to,for,bird, leg, air, captain. suffixes,prefixes,roots,inflectional suffixes,free root
• Roots(词根),the most important part of a word that carries the principal meaning: receive, conceive, deceive,
• Respect, expect, suspect, diction, contradiction bird leg hand
英语语言学概论Morphology形态学
• Semantically:root(词根) and affix • affix( 词缀): prefix(前缀), suffix(后缀) ;
derivational affixes(派生词缀) and inflectional affixes(屈折词缀) • Structurally: free morphemes(自由词素, 即自由词根) and bound morphemes(粘 着词素)
英语语言学概论Morphology形态学
• Affixes(词缀): those that lexically depend on roots and do not convey the fundamental meaning of words.
• Interralation: all free morphemes(like bird) are roots but not all roots are free morphemes. (like spect). All affixes are bound morphemes but not all bound morphemes are affixes (like ceive)
英语语言学概论Morphology形态学
Classification of morphemes
• Free morphemes: those that can exist as individual words: the , to for cap shoe
• Lexical morphemes: nouns, adjectives, verbs, adverbs. Open class, large part of vocabulary 实词
英语语言学概论Morphology形态学
5.1 what is morphology
• Morphology studies the internal structures(内部结构) of words and word formation rules. It divided into two fields:inflectional morphology(屈折词法) and derivational/lexical morphology(派 生词法). It studies the different categories of morphemes( bound, free, derivational and inflectional) morphological rules
英语语言学概论Morphology形态学
5.2 morpheme(词素,语素)
• Morpheme is a minimal meaningful grammatical unit in a language.
• 1 minimal: smallest,it can not further be divided. {un}, {bird} but not
• 3, grammatical: not only lexical morphemes like {bird, leg, table},but also grammatical ones, like{to ,for, -s, ed, -er, the a an}
• international=inter+nation+al • tourists=tour+ist+s • disagreements=dis+agree+ment+s