closed
3.1 What is morphology?
simple
adj. just adj. quality n. identity n. beauty n.
—— —— —— —— ——
simplify v. justify v. qualify v. identify v. beautify v.
为自由词素是因为它们可以作为单词 独立使用，如helpful中的help就是自 由词素，因为help可以作为独立的单 词来使用。
能单独出现独立成词的是自由词素。
所有的单词素词都是自由词素，如 dog, nation, close等。
除了可以作为独立的单词使用以外，
它们也可以和其它词素相结合构成单 词。
组成部分都是自由语素的多词素词叫
复合词，如 babysit, godfather, sunflower, blackbird等。
helper — help-er timetable — time-table quicken — quick-en roommate --- room-mate disabled — dis-able-ed assistant — assist-ant carelessly — care-less-ly frightening — fright-en-ing
open class and Байду номын сангаасlosed class
Open

class words: 开放类词 new words can be regularly added indefinite in number content words nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs
Words
are not formed at random, rather they are formed according to certain rules. aim of morphology is, thus, to find out these rules.
The
morphology:
the study of the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed
形态学：研究词的内部结构以及构词规则
3.2 morpheme （词素）
Words
are further analyzable, i.e., words can be broken down into even smaller components.
Here
Some
words in English consist of only one morpheme, such as man, desk, sun, run, eat, dark.
consist of two or even more morphemes, such as manly, purify, darken, dissatisfaction and undesirability.
Others
3.2.2 types of morphemes
1)
free morphemes 自由词素 free morphemes : independent units of meaning which can be used freely all by themselves
自由词素有着完整的语义，它们被称
Morphemes

单词不是语义的最小单位，因为有些单词可 以解析为在意义上更小的意义成分。语义的 最小单位是词素。
词素表达的意义有两种：词汇意义和语法意
义。
teaches
: teach + -es; played: play + -ed; raining: rain + -ing
–es, -ed, -ing are morphemes, because they are not further analyzable and they convey grammatical meaning.
class words: 封闭类词 consisting of relatively few words; new words are usually not added to them grammatical or functional words conjunctions, prepositions, articles and pronouns
e.g. boyish, incorrect, unselfishness, internationalism cats, sitting, reads, jumped, cooler, biggest, teacher’s

morpheme: the smallest meaningful unit of language ；the basic unit in the study of morphology convey two kinds of meaning: lexical meaning and grammatical meaning.

3.3 word formation 3.3.1 derivation / affixation 派生 3.3.2 compounding 复合 3.3.3 conversion 转类 3.3.4 blending 拼缀法 3.3.5 coinage / invention 新创造词语 3.3.6 clipping 截断法 3.3.6 abbreviation 缩略法 3.3.7 back-formation 逆构法 3.3.8 borrowing 借词
Chapter Three Morphology
3.1
morphology
3.1.1 open class and closed class 3.1.2 What is morphology?
3.2
morpheme
3.2.1 morpheme 3.2.2 types of morphemes 3.2.3 morphological rules