Ⅱ. Literature ReviewA.Related Translation Theory1.Foreignization Translation美国着名翻译理论学家劳伦斯·文努提(Lawrence Venuti) 1995 年在他的《译者的隐身》中提出了异化和归化的概念。

所谓异化,指“要求译者向作者靠拢,采取相应于作者所采用的原语表达方式来传达原文的内容。

他提出一种反对译文通顺的翻译理论和实践,认为翻译目的不是在翻译中消除语言和文化的差异,而是要在翻译中体现这种语言和文化的差异”他主张异化翻译,其目的是要发展一种抵御以目的语文化价值观占主导地位的翻译理论和实践,以表现外国文本在语言和文化上的差异。

异化翻译的前提是文化是有差异的,交际因语言社团之间和语言社团之内的文化差异而变得复杂。

异化是以原语或原文作者为归宿,着眼于民族文化的差异性, 坚持文化的真实性, 旨在保存和反映异域民族特性和语言风格特色, 为译文读者保留异国情调, 让读者感受不同的民族情感, 体会民族文化、语言传统的差异性, 有利于文化的交流, 丰富译文语言的表现力。

把异化翻译法归因于十九世纪德国哲学家Schleiermacher[2]的翻译论译者尽量不惊动原作者，让读者向他靠近{“Thetranslator can either leave the writer in peace as muchas possible and bring the reader tO him ，or he can leavethe reader in peace as much as possible and bring thewriter tO him ．‘Bring the reader tO the original text’would correspond tO requiring him tO process the trans—lation in context of the original；The translator thustries tO transport the reader tO its location，which，inall reality，is foreign tO him．”(Schleiermacher，1838：219，as translated in Wilss，1982：33)。

2. Domestication Translation所谓归化翻译,是在翻译处理中要求译者向目的语读者靠拢,采取读者所习惯的目的语表达方式,来传达原文的内容。

奈达认为,“翻译是一种不同文化间的交流,在这一过程中要看人们在听、说、读译文时获得的是什么。

判断一个译本的效用不宜拘泥于相应的词汇意义,语法类别和修辞手段的对比,重要的是考查接受者正确理解和欣赏译语文本的程度”。

翻译已不再仅仅是两种语言文字之间的转换,而是两种文化之间的交流。

然而,文化各有其特性,没有完全相同的文化。

所以,在翻译这种两种文化之间的交流过程中,不可避免地存在文化差异。

如果不对信息接受者的信息进行全面研究,对交际作任何分析都不是完整的。

重视读者反映是为了让译语文本读者能大致和原语读者一样去理解和欣赏一个文本。

译文的表达方式是完全通顺自然的。

通顺自然的翻译能让读者更好地理解原文,避免文化冲突,消除文化障碍,最终达到文化交流的目的。

所以,通顺可以看成是归化翻译理想的策略。

2.relationship between D &T"Domestication" and "foreignization"are two major strategies applied to solve the cultural conflicts between the source language and the target language.“归化”与“异化”是缓和源语文化和译语文化在翻译过程中矛盾冲突的主要方法,长期以来“归化”译文出现频率往往较高,然而在当今文化全球化的时代背景下,适度增加“异化”翻译的运用对本土文化的传播和外来文化的接受不无裨益。

在翻译实践中不可能永远只遵循一种原则或采用一种方法。

因此, 也不可能有任何译作完全是以原语文化为归宿, 或完全是以目的语文化为归宿的, 只是表现出在处理原语文化信息时的基本倾向。

过度的异化或归化都有损译文的质量。

刻意的异化会使译文晦涩难懂, 索然无味, 甚至会闹笑话。

作为两种翻译策略, 异化和归化是对立统一, 相辅相成的, 各自以对方的存在为前提。

两者密不可分, 相互依存, 异化寓于归化之中, 归化中也包含着异化, 绝对的异化和绝对的归化都是不存在的。

平常所说的异化与归化, 主要是就译者的倾向性而言, 即或异化为主或归化为主。

异化翻译和归化翻译并不是互相排斥的对抗性概念,而是互相补充、相得益彰的翻译策略和方法，在翻译实践中, 两者的统一并非平分秋色, 而是依翻译的目的、文本类型的不同而显示为现实的、具体的和动态的统一。

根据旅游翻译的目的和旅游文本的特点，在翻译目的论和文本功能理论的指导下，探索了旅游文化的翻译策略。

翻译的异化(Foreignizing Translation)与归化(Domesticating Translation)一直是翻译界争论的焦点.信息时代的到来,更是把单纯的语言现象上升到文化的高度;中英互译不仅仅是语言学层面上的直译或意译,而是更多地关注到语言背后的文化背景.在中英文习语互译中只有采用合理的翻译策略才能更好的体现语言的魅力及文化的内涵.在习语翻译中归化翻译与异化翻译策略应合理的运用,而不是把二者对立起来.B. The Definition and Classification of Idioms1.Defining ‘idioms’One of the thorniest issues in idiom research has been the question of how to defineidiom. Throughout tiome , idiom has been define differently by differentidiomagtologists and scholars. It is therefore important to understanding of theterm.According to the definition given in the Oxford English Dictionary(Murray,1989), an idiom is:A form of expression, grammatical construction,phrase,etc.,peculiar to a language; a peculiarity of phraseology approved by the usage of the language, and often having a significance other than its grammatical or logical one.(p.624) This definition of idiom has been cited by many scholars (e.g.,Fernando,Makkai,1972;Strassler,1982) as it encompasses a great variety of multiword expressions that exemplify idiomaticity.A more precise entry is given in the Longman Dictionary of English Idioms(Long et al.,1990):An idiom is a fixed group of words with a special differet meaning from the meanings of the separate words. So, to spill the beans is not at all connected with beans: it means …to tell something that is secret.‟(inside front cover)Closely mirroring the definition above is that given in Collins COBUILD Dictionary of Idioms(Sinclair et al.,2001):An idiom is a special kind of phrase. It is a group of words which have a different meaning when used together from the one it would have if the meaning of each word were taken individually,(p.iv)All of these entries emphasize the difficulty of inferring the meaning of the idiom as a whole from the meaning of its constituent parts, Makkai(1969), indeed, defines an idiom as, among other things, “a linguistic form whose meaning is unclear in spite of the familiar elements it contains”.(p.44) Following Makkai (1969), an idiom is a complex (i.e., multimorphemic) lexical unit.These units acquire a particular status, in that the complete idiom has a given meaning that is not equal to,or entirely predictable from, the sum of the usual meaning of its parts.In the present study, in accordance with many idiomatologists and researchers of idiom processing (e.g.,Long et al.,1990;Sinclair et al., 2001;Cooper,1999), we woulddefine an idiom as a conventionalized expression whose meaning cannot always be readily derived from the canonical meaning of its constituent elements. As cautioned by Cronk & Schweigert (1992) ,however, referring to an idiom as an accepted phrase or expression having a meaning different from the literal is not to say that the phrase cannot have a literal meaning, but rather that an idiom has an alternate, figurative meaning,which cannot be determined from the combination of the meaning of the individual words.2.Classification of idiomsAlthough space prevents a comprehensive review of the various idiom types,it is nonetheless helpful to note briefly how scholars have studied and classified idioms in the past.To begin,Weinreich(1967), Fraser(1970), Makkai(1972), and Strassler(1982) focus on lexically and grammatically regular idioms while Smith(1925),Roberts(1944,)and Fillmore,(1988)focus on the idiosyncratic idioms that demonstrate lexical and grammatical irregularities.Cowie and Mackin(1975) and McCaig(1983) include both tyoes in their idiom dictionaries. In light of these studies,idioms can be categorized according to (a) the morphemic, phrase,clause, or sentence patterns of which they are composed,(b) their grammatical categories or (c) their themes.Carter(1987),taking a different approach in identifying multiword expressions as idioms, introduces a three-scale categorization covering a plethora of multiword expressions:(a) collocational restriction, from unrestricted(e.g., run a business, run a department) to restricted(e.g.,pitch black);(b)lexicogrammatical structure,from flexible (e.g., break someone‟ heart) to irregular (e.g., the more the merrier); and (c) semantic opacity,from transparent (e.g., long time no see) to opaque (overt:OK; covert:kick the bucket)A much less complicated categorization, and perhaps more useful to the field of second language acquisition, is provided by Moon (1997:44-47),who considers the elements of (a) institutionalization(i.e., the degree to which a holistic multiword item is conventionalized as a unit in a language community),(b) fixedness(i.e.,the degree towhich a holistic multiword item is frozen as a sequence of words),and (c) non-compositionality (i.e., the degree to which a holistic multi-word item cannot be interpreted on a word-by-word basis) as those most relevant in her definition of the term idiom. In turn, these three criteria, as Moon states, are …not absolutes but variables, and they are present in differing degrees in each multi-word unit.”Drawing on from cognitive semantics,some scholars purport that idioms cannot be regarded as linguistic expressions that are independent of any conceptual system and isolated from each other at the coneptual level. They argue that many idioms are products of our conceptual system, and not just simply a matter of language.Taking a cognitive perspective, Kovecses distinguish among three aspects of idiomatic meaning: 1) the general meaning of idioms appears to be determined by the particular “source domains” that apply to a particular target domain, 2) more specific aspects of idiomatic meaning are provided by the “ontological mapping” that applies to a given idiomatic expression, and 3) connotative aspects of idiomatic meaning can be accounted for by “epistemic correspondences,”Ⅲ. The Difference Between Chinese and English IdiomsA.Cultural Difference习语是某一语言在使用过程中形成的独特的固定的表达方式, 最能体现一个民族的文化。