metonymy1. 定义Metonymy: the substitution of the name of one thing for that of another with which it is closely associated.所谓借代是用一事物的名称来代替另一事物（即借彼代此），而这一事物与另一事物紧密关联。
The pen is mightier than the sword.Pen substitutes the people who use pen and sword substitutes the people who use the sword. Gray hairs should be respected.(Gray hairs substitutes the old people)借代的表现形式是，不直接说出所指对象的名称，而是借与该人或该物密切相关的事物的名称代替。
所说事物与另一事物虽然毫无相似点，但却有着不可分割的逻辑关系借代的作用是使听者或读者不仅知道所写的是什么，而且还能唤起所说事物的特征，给人留下深刻的印象。
借代的运用基础是联想，通过联想达到生动形象，幽默诙谐、言简意赅的语言效果。
He is too fond of the bottles.I have never read James Joyce.借代具有以下几个特点：1. 甲事物与乙事物不相类似；2. 甲事物与乙事物有不可分离的关系；3. 乙事物的名称来代替甲事物。
运用范围：可用特征代人事；处所代人事，以作品代作者；以容器代内容；以地名代机构、组织；以商标名代物品，以具体代抽象或以抽象代具体；用专有名词代普通名词或普通名词代专用名词等以容器代内容After her husband left her, Wendy took to the bottle.温迪丈夫抛弃后开始酗酒The film star has a large wardrobe.这位影星有许多衣服。
用人体器官/部位代作用The lack of cohesion of the company accounted for the brain drain.公司缺乏凝聚力是导致人才外流的原因。
If there is any bad blood in the fellow, he will be sure to show it.如果这人心理阴暗，他一定会表现出来。
用资料、工具代替事物的名称He chose a gun instead of a cap(帽子）and gown（礼服）.他选择了当兵，而没有继续求学深造。
The Japanese soldiers put all to fire and sword.日军穷凶极恶，到处杀人放火。
用典型实物代替职业或从事该职业的人When we speak, we must address the chair.当我们发言时，我们必须向主席致意。
His elder sister went on the stage; the younger one had taken the veil.他姐姐当了演员，而他的妹妹却做了修女。
The crown should not yield to the cross.皇权不应屈服于教会。
以产地、发明者或作者代替产品或作品Only billionaires are able to collect Picasso.只有那些百万富翁才有能力收集毕加索的作品。
Recently he has been steeped浸泡in O. Henry.最近几天他沉迷于欧亨利的短篇小说中。
具体代抽象I have nothing to offer but blood, toil苦活, tears and sweat.sacrifice, sympathy ,and hard work抽象代具体In the present, it was sickness and poverty together that she came to visit.在目前这种情况下，她一并前来探望的是病人和穷人。
借代与隐喻的区别：借代和隐喻构成的客观基础不同。
借代的要义是取代，即两个密切相关的事物之间存在着某种现实联系。
如eye与视力有关，所以用eye来代指视力。
而隐喻的要义在于比喻，其基础是相似，即是两个事物的特征存在着某种类似之处。
隐喻重在喻，借代重在代。
Synecdoche 感情意蕴的提喻Synecdoche: the naming of a part to mean the whole or the naming of a whole to mean the part.提喻是借代的一个分支，或者说，是借代侧重于某些方面的一种表现。
它以部分代全体，单个代类别，具体代抽象或反过来。
They counted fifty sails in the harbor. (sails-------ships)提喻的表现形式及其艺术魅力在语言表述过程中，同样的一件事物，若变换一种表现形式，可使语言新鲜别致，生动形象，引起读者的丰富联想，突出事物的特征，达到一种别出心裁，引人入胜的言语艺术效果。
正确地运用这一修辞手法，有利于我们根据事物的相关性，透过借体了解本体，从而准确地理解文章的内涵。
1.用局部代替整体( the part for the whole)如用sail 代表ship, 用hands 代表helpers, 用roofs代表house.This newspaper --- and probably the whole country--- will wait its time and see how the new faces perform before judging them.这家报纸----大概全国也一样----要等待一段时间，以便看这些新面孔如何行事业，然后再对他们做出判断。
faces（面孔）代替those who have recently come into power(那些新近上台的人)2. 用整体代替局部(the whole for the part)The surgeon cut me open and took out the appendix and stitched 缝me up again.外科医生把我的腹部切开，取出阑尾，最后又把腹部缝好。
以我me代替我的腹部my abdomen3. 用类代替种(genus for the species)如：用vessel 代表ship, 用weapon 代表sword, 用creature代表man, 用arms代表rifles步枪,用vehicle代表bicycleThe dock 码头can accommodate the largest vessel. (这船坞能容纳最大的船。
)The poor creature had no home, family, or friends.这可怜的人，既没有房子，也没亲人或朋友。
4. 用种代替类:如用bread代表food, 用cutthroat代表a‘ssassin暗杀者Had he chosen painting instead of politics, he would have been a great master with the brush. (brush ---painting)The young man is very clever; he may be another Edison. (Edison---all inventors as clever as Edison)5. 用具体代替抽象She has come to realize that life is not a bed of roses. ( a bed of rose代替luxurious life and satisfied situation)她终于认识到了人生并非总是称心如意。
The gentleman in me made me stand up to go away, but the journalist in me made me stand still. gentleman --- gentleman behavior, journalist--- objectivity and impartiality公正6. 用抽象代替具体All the wit and learning were assembled there. (the wit and learning ---the wise and learned scholars)The moon was above, cold and beautiful, the music reminded Soapy of those days when his life contained such things as mothers and roses and clean thoughts and collars.Mothers---maternal love, roses---love, clean thoughts--- noble ideas, clean collars--- decent materials life7. 以原材料代其制品（the name of material for the thing made）The marble大理石speaks before the silent lookers-on. (marble --- gravestone)墓碑向那些默然的来访者诉说着。
He is an enemy worth your steel钢; there is no cowardice in him. (steel--- sword)他是一个值得你与之搏斗的劲敌，他绝不是懦夫。
The farms were short of hands during the harvest season. 以部分代整体England won the football games. 以整体代部分He had to earn his daily bread by doing odd jobs.以种代替类The poor creature could no longer endure her sufferings.以类代替种The prisoner was bound in irons for ten years. 以原材料代其制品He is the Newton of the century.以种代类此例用Newton代替people as clever as Newton.•Metonymy: the substitution of the name of one thing for that of another with which it is closely associated.换喻或借代•Synecdoche: When a part is substituted for the whole or the whole is substituted for a part.提喻•借代是一种互不隶属的关系，没有局部与整体的关系，而提喻是一个隶属关系。