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增词和减词


Adding adverbs e.g. How the little girl looked after her old mother! — 那个小女孩照顾她的年迈的母亲是多么地 细心周到啊! e.g. The crowd melted away. — 人群渐渐地散去了。 e.g. As he began talking, words poured out. — 他一开讲,就滔滔不绝地讲个没完。
Adding nouns
After the intransitive verb
e.g. Be sure to wash before meal. — 饭前一定要洗手。 e.g. Doesn’t she wash after getting up? — 起床后她难道不洗漱(洗脸刷牙)吗? e.g. He sometimes forgets to wash before going to bed. — 他有时忘记洗脚就上床睡觉。 e.g. Day after day she does the same: washing, sweeping, and cooking. — 她日复一日地做着同样的家务:洗衣服,拖地板,做饭。
对时间概念作强调时,往往加词翻译。
e.g. I had heard about him before I met him. — 我在见到他之前就听说过他了。 e.g. Once I was his boss ,but now he is mine. — 我一度曾是他的上司;不过现在是他领导我。
强调时间的对比时,要加词翻译。
Adding words which indicate the plural form 汉语中名词的复数没有词型变化,很多情况下不必表 达出来,但要表达 指多数人的名词时,可用“们”, 如“老师们,同学们”,或在名词前加“各位/诸位” 或独立使用“大家”;表达事物的复数时可用“若干” 等。此外,英语名词复数汉译时还可根据情况,增加 重叠词、数词或其他一些词来表达,以提高修辞效果。
Adding verbs e.g. There were no speeches, no foreign diplomats, no “ordinary Chinese” with paper flags and flowers. — 没有发表讲话,没有各国外交官到场,也没有“中国群众” 挥舞纸旗和花束的场面。 e.g. After the banquets, the concerts, and the table tennis exhibitions, he would work on the drafting of the final communiqué. — 参加完宴会,出席过音乐会,观看了乒乓球表演赛之后,他 还得起草最后公报。 e.g. I’m really busy this morning: 2 classes, a meeting, and an interview. — 我今天上午的确很忙,要上两节课,开一个会,还要接受一 个采访。
增词译法和减词译法
Adding 增词译法
英汉两种语言,由于表达方式不尽相同, 翻译时既可能将词类转换,有时候也可 能将词量增减。 增词法就是在翻译时按意义上或修辞上 或句法上的需要增加一些词来更忠实、 通顺地表达原文思想内容。这当然不是 无中生有地随意乱加,而是增加原文中 虽无其词却有其义的一些词。
增加重叠词表示复数
e.g. Flowers bloom in the fields. — 朵朵鲜花开满原 野。 e.g. Every summer, tourists go to the coastal cities. — 一到夏季,旅游者纷纷涌到海滨城市。 e.g. Rows of new houses have been set up. — 一 排排的新房建成了。
Adding adjectives e.g. With what enthusiasm the Beijingers are studying foreign languages! — 北京的人们正以多么高的热情学习外 语啊! e.g. What a day/life! — 多么( 热/冷/难 熬/幸福/悲惨 )的一天/生活啊!
Adding quantifiers
英语中的名词,特别是可数名词,一般直接与数词或冠词连 用;而汉语几乎总是要用量词。
e.g. I bought a new bike yesterday. — 我昨天买了 一辆新自行车。 e.g. A red sun rose slowly from the calm sea. — 一轮红日在平静的海面上冉冉升起。
After the concrete noun
e.g. He felt the patriot rise within his breast. — 他感到胸中涌起了一股爱国热情。 e.g. He allowed the father to be overruled by the judge, and declared his own son guilty. — 法官的职责战胜了父子之情,他最终判决自己的儿 子有罪。
Adding words which are syntactically omitted in the source text
问答句
e.g. — Is this your book? — Yes, it is. — 这是你的书吗? — 是我的。 e.g. — what? Don’t you love him? — Yes, of course I do. — 什么?难道你不爱他? — 我当然 爱他!
After the abstract noun
e.g. After all preparations were made, the sports meet began. — 一切准备工作就绪后,运动会开始了。 e.g. In the summer of 1969, the government publicly urged an easing of tensions with China. — 一九六九年夏天,政府公开主张缓和与中国的紧张 关系。
Before the adjecs indeed cheap and fine. — 这台收音机真是物美价廉。 e.g. She is a complicated girl – moody, sensitive and skeptical. — 她是个性格复杂的人:喜怒无常,多愁善感,疑神疑鬼。
e.g. They say his father was a fisherman. He used to be as poor as we are. — 听人说,从前他爸爸是个打鱼的。他过去也跟我们现在一样 穷。
Adding auxiliary words which indicate the tone 汉语中有许多语气助词,如:的、吧、呢、啊、 呀、吗、嘛、啦、了、罢了、而已等。在英译 汉时,要细心体味原文,使用汉语语气助词, 更好地表达原文的修辞色彩。 e.g. Don’t take it so seriously. I just make fun of you. — 不要当真嘛!我不过是跟你开玩笑罢了。 e.g. As for me, I have nothing to say. — 我呢,也没有什么可说的了。
排比句
e.g. “Reading maketh a full man; conference a ready man; and writing an exact man…” — “读书使人充实,讨论使人机智,笔记使人准确。” (培根:《论读书》王佐良译)
比较句
e.g. Better be wise by the defeat of others than by your own. — 从别人的失败中吸取教训比从自己的失败中吸取教训更好。 e.g. The villagers are as ready to look after her as they were their own daughter. — 村民们愿意照顾她,正如他们愿意照顾他们自己的女儿一 样。
隐含条件句
e.g. At the time of Kennedy’s assassination, people thought that a second term would have led either to greatness or to disaster. — 肯尼迪遇刺时,人们认为,假如他再任一届总统的话,大 概不是功高盖世,就是祸国殃民。 e.g. But without Adolf Hitler, there almost certainly would never have been a Third Reich. — 然而如果没有希特勒,那就几乎可以肯定没有第三帝国。
英语中有些动词或动作名词,译成汉语时常需增加一些表示 行为、动作的动量词。
e.g. Shall we have a rest? — 我们休息一下好吗? e.g. Once they quarreled bitterly. — 有次他们大吵 了一架。 e.g. I had a look at the photo and recognized her at once. — 我看了一眼照片,马上就认出了她。
Adding summarizing words 英汉语中都有概括词。对应译成“总之”“等等”即 可。但有时英语句子中并无概括词,而翻译时往往要 加上一些词,而省掉英语中的连接词: e.g. The foreign ministers of China, Russia, Japan and the U.S. met in Tokyo. — 中、俄、日、美四国外长在东京会晤。 e.g. China is willing to exchange views with any countries, politically, culturally and economically. —中国愿意同任何国家在政治、文化、经济等各 个方面进行交流。
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