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英文合同的特点

第一节英文合同的特点

英美律师起草的合同无不深深地刻着英美法系私法原理的烙印,即高度私法自治和遵循先例。所表现出来的突出特点就是大多数英文合同篇幅长、惯用冗长句子和法言法语,但逻辑严密并且规律性很强。

一个大项目的英文合同往往都是鸿篇巨制,篇幅达几百页。英美国家实行判例法,大陆法系实行成文法,成文法相对于判例法的重要区别就是比较稳定,而且合同很多内容法律都有直接规定,双方对于法律已经有规定的部分就无须在合同中作进一步的约定。但英美国家推行判例法,推行高度私法自治,成文法大多仅作为参考,不具有强制适用的性质,因此,合同方在订立合同的过程中享有高度订约自由,合同各方可以就任何问题按照自己的意愿作出自己认为合适的约定。订约自由是一项至高的原则,合同条文、文字所直接反映出来的当事人的意愿,法官不得轻易否决,必须予以最大限度的尊重。由于合同文字是法官解释合同文件、探悉合同当事人意愿的唯一依据,故合同各方都力求使合同结构完整、语义严密明确。为使语义严密明确,他们在合同中进行大量的定义,大量使用限定词、定语从句、状语从句,避免使用省略句,也尽量不使用有可能引起指代不明的代词。因此,对于同一个项目合同,按照英美法草拟的合同篇幅常常比按照大陆法草拟的合同篇幅长很多。

英文合同的另一个重要特点就是其句子冗长。首先,一个长句的逻辑性往往比由几个简单句组成的一个段落的逻辑性更强,说理更为严密,从而最大限度地减小产生歧义的可能性。因此,英美律师在草

拟合同的过程中比较青睐长句,而较少使用简单句。其次,如前所述,英美国家实行判例法。先例相较于大陆法系的成文法,其稳定性程度有所不如。由于各个法官的智识水平有别,先例本身之间就可能存在某些冲突,因此,合同当事人通常会在合同中想尽办法对这些已经有争议的先例进行规避,这就必须在合同中就某些可能产生争议的事项进行明确的表述,如常把一连串意义相关或相近的词放在一起以求全面而无疏漏。因而整个合同的句子显得冗长,但也因此获得整个合同的严谨,不易产生争议。

“法言法语”在英文合同中也体现得比较充分。这些所谓的“法言法语”主要指一些中古英语和外来词汇,比如我们常见的 herein,hereof,whereby,inter alia等。这与英国语言发展历史以及英美推行判例法密切相关。西方文明在很大程度上可以说是法律的发展。希腊和罗马的法律精神通过日耳曼入侵,给英国造成的影响是不可估量的。英国在历史上曾经把语言作为阶级划分和阶级统治的重要手段。法语被视为西欧上层社会的语言,而拉丁文则常常是个人深造的首要选择。再加上法律界人士为了使法律这门职业具有独立性,突出本行业的优越性,也多采用一些特殊的语言,法律界人士普遍认为这些中古英语和外来词的使用可以使法律语言更加高贵、庄重。因此,法律英语词汇在词源上大量收录采用了拉丁语、法语、德语和西班牙语中的法律词汇,如null and void(无效)、ad hoc(特别,临时)、lex situs(物所在地法)、vice versa(反之亦然)、 prima facie (表面的,初步的)和inter alia(除了别的之外,其中包括)。为

了显示法律语言的神圣性、权威性和严密性,还大量沿用中古英语,以区别于普通英语(common English), 如aforesaid(如前所述)、hereinafter(在下文)、 hereunder(在……以下)、herein(此中)、therein(在那里)、where by(因此,由是)、hereby(借此)等。它们能使语言精练,有点类似于中国的文言文,洗练而且直观。这些词经常出现在法律条文中,如不好好掌握就会影响阅读。尽

管现代社会中,这类“文言文”用语已逐渐减少,尤其以美国英语为

代表的法律英语,就倾向于运用简单明了的常用词汇来表达法律意思,即简明的常用语言(plain English)。但这项运动还远没有达到消灭

这些“文言文”的时候,因此,阅读中还会大量遇到这种“文言文”。

其实,英文合同最重要的特点是其严密的逻辑性和很强的规律性。尽管英美法系国家主张私法高度意思自治,但是在草拟合同过程中,过多地偏离先例,除非有非常高水平的律师,否则很难说合同能够严密明确,保证没有任何争议。即使能够找到这样的律师,但为此而付出的律师成本和风险成本太高。因此,一般情况下,绝大多数合同还是选择遵从先例,尽量采用先前法官所认可的语言和逻辑结构,这样,合同专业词汇和逻辑结构经过千百年的积累逐渐固定下来,形成了很强的规律性。比如,在合同结构方面,一份完整的英文合同通常由四部分构成,即标题(Title)、序言(Recitals)、主文条款(Terms and Conditions)和结尾。在合同用词方面,合同用a material breach 表示“重大违约”或“严重违约”,而不用serious breach;用terminate表示“合同终止”,而不用finish;用commence 表示“开

始”,而不用或少用start 或begin;等等。再比如,英文合同中的代词一般指代该代词前面的最后一个可以指代的名词,如“Nokia shall give a copy of this Instruction to Contractor and it shall strictly comply” 中“it”就指代“Contractor”,而不是指代“Nokia”。如果合同要求是“Nokia”必须严格遵守,则这里就不能用代词“it”,而只能用“Nokia shall strictly comply”。另外,合同中的限定词、限定短语、限定句子也相对比较固定,比如,常见的如 herein, hereof, subject to, save as, except as, provided that, notwithstanding, without prejudice to 以及大量的定语从句和状语从句的使用都已约定俗成。从这个角度来说,合同有很强的规律性可循。因此,找出并驾驭这些语言规律,就能够熟练地阅读英文合同。

由于合同的结构和使用的语言都比较固定,因此合同中每一部分法律风险位于何处,主文条款隐藏哪些主要风险,也都相对比较固定。换句话说,合同风险所处的位置也有很多规律可循。这就为我们分析英文合同提供了可能。比如,在标题部分,我们就得注意标题是否含有“subject”,因为“subject”这个词表明本合同生效还必须满足一定的条件,如果合同当事人希望本合同签字生效,但因在标题部分有这么一个词,可能被法官认定为不存在一个有效的合同。另外,在“适用法律”(governing law)条款部分,如果适用外国法,合同中所表述的有些术语可能和中国法中的某些术语含义就不一致,英国法中的不当得利和中国法中的不当得利就存在较大的差别,而德国法

下的合伙和中国法下的合伙也不一样。如果适用美国法,就得考虑《美国出口管理条例》 (American Export Administration Regulation),因为根据这个法律,凡是采购来自美国的商品,其最终用户不得是美国认定的“流氓”国家,如果你采购的商品用于伊朗的石油开采,则这个合同很可能无法执行。总之,这些合同风险与合同语言一样,在很大程度上也比较固定,读者只需掌握这些风险,分析合同风险就可以驾轻就熟。

中英文对照版合同翻译样本

1.Sales Agreement The agreement, (is) made in Beijing this eighth day of August 1993 by ABC Trading Co., Ltd., a Chinese Corporation having its registered office at Beijing, the People’ Repubic of China (hereinafter called “Seller”) and International Tradi ng Co., Ltd., a New York Corporation having its registered office at New York, N.Y., U.S.A. (hereinafter called “Buyer”). 2.WITNESSETH WHEREAS, Seller is engaged in dealing of (product) and desires to sell (product)to Buyer, and WHEREAS, Buyer desires to purchase(product) from Sellers, Now, THEREFORE, it is agreed as follows: 3.Export Contract This Contract is entered into this 5th day of August 1993 between ABC and Trading Co., Ltd. (hereinafter called “Seller”) who agrees to sell, and XYZ Trading Co., Ltd. (hereinafter called “Buyer”) who agrees to buy the following goods on the following terms and condition. 4.Non-Governmental Trading Agreement No. __This Agreement was made on the_day of_19_, BETWEEN _ (hereinafter referred to as the Seller) as the one Side and _ (hereinafter referred to as the Buyer) as the one other Side. WHEREAS, the Seller has agreed to sell and the buyer has agreed to buy _ (hereinafter referred to as the Goods ) the quantity, specification, and price of which are provided in Schedule A. IT IS HEREBY AGREED AS FOLLOWS: 5.Contract For Joint-Operation Enterprise __ COMPANY LTD., a company duly organized under the Law of __ and having its registered office at (hereinafter called “Party A”) AND __ COMPANY LTD., a company duly organized under the Law of __ and having its registere d office at (hereinafter called “Party B”) Party A and Party B (hereinafter referred to as the “Parties”) agree to jointly form a Co-operation Venture Company (hereinafter referred to as the “CVC”) in accordance with “the Laws of the People’s Republic of C hina on Joint Ventures Using Chinese and Foreign Investment” and the “Regulations for the Implementation of the Laws of the People’s Republic of China on Joint Ventures Using Chinese and Foreign Investment” and other applicable laws and regulations. 6.MODEL CONTRACT Contract No. Date: Seller: Signed at: Address: Cable Address: Buyer: Address: Cable Address: The Seller and the Buyer have agreed to conclude the following transactions according to the terms and conditions stipulated below: http://biz.doczj.com/doc/2610617368.html, of Commodity: 2.Specifications: 3.Quantity: 4.Unit Price: 5.Total Price: U.S.$: 6.Packing: 7.Time of Shipment: days after receipt of L/C. 8.Loading Port & Destination Port: From via to . 9.Insurance:

英文合同结构、用词及语法汇总

第一节篇章结构特点(Text Structure) 一份完整的英文合同通常可以分为标题(Title)、前言(Preamble)、正文(Habendum)、附录(Schedule)及证明部分即结尾词(Attestation)五大部分。「标题」在开宗明义地显示合同的性质;「前言」是用最简单的说明,大略介绍合同订立的背景;「正文」里包括依各种合同性质的不同而约定的具体条款,包括不论何种类型合同都会出现的一般条款;[附录]构成对前述合同正文条款作必要的补充。(不是所有合同都有该部分)最后「结尾」则是当事人签名前的一段文字,为整份合同画上完满的句号。以 下分别就此五部分进行说明。 一、合同的标题(Title) 英文合同和中文合同都一样,标题并不是一定要有的,因为当事人间的法律关系是用合同内容的各个条款来判断,标题基本上不会产生任何影响。但为方便辨识的考虑,合同撰写人通常都会依照合同性质,在合同首页的最上方给予一个适当的标题。在第一章的英文合同名称中已有介绍,在此不再赘述,仅补充Confirmation(确认书),Order(定单)经常也会出现在简易的合同中。 二、合同的前言(Preamble) 英文合同在标题之后,各式各样的条款出现之前,通常会先有一段「前言」,也称序言、导言、总则等, 也见有称为“Non-operative part”者。前言一般不会占去太多的篇幅,目的在于很简略地介绍合同内容之人、事、时、地、物等背景,让阅读合同的人在接触冗长复杂的正文前,先有一个基础的认识与心理准备。详细来说,前言通常又分作以下两个段落: 第一部份文字叫做"Parties" ,也就是合同的「开场白」(Commencement),内容在说明当事人姓名或名称、国籍或注册地国及住所地或主营业地、订约日期包括各自在合同中的简称等等。 & by and between 要表示合同是由哪些当事人所订定,英文中通常会说"This Agreement is made by and between...",用"by"来表示合同「由谁订定」,"between"来表示「谁与谁之间的订立」。如果当事人不只两个,也可以用"by and among"来代替。 & organized and existing 合同开场白里要说明当事人的国籍,在自然人的情况下可以用"a national of ..."或"an individual with the nationality of ..."来表示,如果是法人组织多半使用"organized and existing under the laws of ..."这样的字眼,其中"organized"也可以 用"incorporated"来代替。

标准租赁合同(中英文)Rental_agreement分析解析

Kingdom of Cambodia Nation, Religion, King Lease Agreement This Lease Agreement is hereby entered into between Party A (Landlord / Co-Owner) and Party B (Tenant), who shall collectively be known herein as the Parties. Landlord / Co-Owner Name: Herein after referred as to Party A Head Tenant Name: China National Aero-technology international Engineering Corporation which represented by Mr. XIE FUKANG, Sex: Male, Passport No: G3******* Herein after referred as to Party B Whereas: A. Party A is the Officer Owner of Building No.777, St. Kampucheakrom (128), Sangkat Toek Laok 1, Khan Toulkort, Phnom Penh, Cambodia and agrees to Lease to Party B the Building floor 2th. B. The Term of the lease shall be 1 year and shall commence on 2-June-16 and terminate on 1-June-17 C. Party A and Party B agree to lease the 2ed floor Unit within the Building for office purposes only. This Lease Agreement between Party A and Party B Co vers the Following Articles: Article 1: Definitions: In this Agreement:

英语合同写作常用句

英语合同写作常用句 1. 本合同用英文和中文两种文字写成,一式四份。双方执英文本和中文本各一式两份,两种文字具有同等效力。 The contract is made out in English and Chinese languages in quadruplicate, both texts being equally authentic, and each Party shall hold two copies of each text. 2. 本合同由双方代表于1999年12月9日签订。合同签订后,由各方分别向本国政府当局申请批准,以最后一方的批准日期为本合同的生效日期,双方应力争在60天内获得批准,用电传通知对方,并用信件确认。若本合同自签字之日起,6个月仍不能生效,双方有权解除本合同。 This contract is signed by the authorized representatives of both parties on Dec. 9, 1999. After signing the contract, both parties shall apply to their respective Government Authorities for ratification. The date of ratification last obtained shall be taken as the effective date of the Contract. Both parties shall exert their utmost efforts to obtain the ratification within 60 days and shall advise the other party by telex and thereafter send a registered letter for

中英文对照版合同翻译样本

1.Sales Agreement The agreement, (is) made in Beijing this eighth day of August 1993 by ABC Trading Co., Ltd., a Chinese Corporation having its registered office at Beijing, the People’ Repubic of China (hereinafter called “Seller”) and International Trading Co., Ltd., a New York Corporation having its registered office at New York, N.Y., U.S.A. (hereinafter called “Buyer”). 2.WITNESSETH WHEREAS, Seller is engaged in dealing of (product) and desires to sell (product)to Buyer, and WHEREAS, Buyer desires to purchase(product) from Sellers, Now, THEREFORE, it is agreed as follows: 3.Export Contract th This Contract is entered into this 5 day of August 1993 between ABC and Trading Co., Ltd. (hereinafter called “Seller”) who agrees to sell, and XYZ Trading Co., Ltd. (hereinafter called “Buyer”) who agrees to buy the following goods on the following terms and condition. 4.Non-Governmental Trading Agreement No. __ This Agreement was made on the_day of_ 19_, BETWEEN _(hereinafter referred to as the Seller) as the one Side and _ (hereinafter referred to as the Buyer) as the one other Side. WHEREAS, the

英文合同范本及翻译.doc

英文合同范本及翻译 Purchase Contract 合同编号(Contract No.): _______________ 签订日期(Date) :___________ 签订地点(Signed at) :___________ 买:__________________________ The Buyer:________________________ 地址: __________________________ Address: _________________________ 电话(Tel):___________ 传真(Fax):__________ 电子邮箱(-mail):______________________ 卖:___________________________ The Seller:_________________________ 地址:___________________________ Address: __________________________ 电话(Tel):_________ 传真(Fax):___________ 电子邮箱(-mail):______________________ 买卖双同意按照下列条款签订本合同: The Seller and the Buyer agree to conclude this Contract subject to the terms and conditions stated below: . 货物名称、规格和质量(Name, Specifications and Quality of

英文合同合同常用词

英文合同合同常用词 第一节合同常用词(Usual Wording)(1) 当大量接触英文合同,就会发现英文合同中有些词或短语出现的频率非常高,往往影响或决定了对 合同的准确理解,下面就分门别类从常见实词和常见虚词两个方面进行具体介绍: 一、英文合同常用虚词(Usual Function Words) 1.Here/there/where+介词构成的古体词 基本规则:Here 代表this,there 代表that,where 代表which 或what 即here/there/where+介词=介词 +this/that/which or what Hereby: by means of; by reason of this.特此,由此,兹等意。 例句:The Buyer hereby orders from the Seller the undermentioned goods

subject to the following conditions:买方向卖方订购下列商品,条件如下: Herein:in this。此中,于此。 例句:The minimum royalty herein specified shall be paid by Party B to Party A. 在此规定的最低特许权 使用费应由乙方付给甲方。 Hereinafter: later in the same Contract. 以下,在下文。通常与to be referred to as, referred as, called 连 用。 例句:This Agreement is made and concluded on ______, (date)____(year), by and between _____(hereinafter called Party A) on the one hand and _____(hereinafter called Party B) on the other hand. 本协议书于____年___月___日由_____(以下简称甲方)为一方,与_____(以下简称乙方)为另一方 签订。

国际商务合同中英文对照

1 Whereas Whereas: considering that 鉴于,就……而论(法律用语) 例1 Whereas the first Party is willing to employ the second Party and the second Party agrees to act as the first Party’s Engineer in Bamako, it is hereby mutually agreed as follows: 鉴于甲方愿意聘请乙方,乙方同意应聘为甲方在巴马科(工程)的工程师,合同双方特此达成协议如下 例2 Whereas Party B and Party A have entered into this Contract to install Party A’s air-conditioning equipment, the Parties hereto do hereby agree as follows: Chinese version for reference: 鉴于乙方与甲方订立本合同,安装甲方的空气调节设备,双方同意如下: 2 In Witness Whereof [❤1] Whereby:In Witness Whereof:作为所协议事项的证据,这个短语常常在合同结尾条款中使用,可译为“特此立(证)裾”,“以此立(证)据”等; In Testimony Whereof:以此为证,特立此证; Whereby: by the agreement; by the following terms and conditions, etc.凭此协议,凭此条款等。 例1 In Witness Whereof the Parties hereto have caused this Agreement to be executed on the day and year first before written[❤2] in accordance with their respective laws. 本协议书由双方根据各自的法律签订,于上面所签订的日期开始执行,特立此据。例2 In Testimony Whereof, we have hereto signed this document on _______(day/month/year). 我方于___年____月____日签署本文,特此证明。 例3 A sales contract refers to a contract whereby the seller transfers the ownership of an object to the buyer and the buyer pays the price for the object. 买卖合同是出卖人转让标的物的所有权于买受人,买受人支付价款的合同。 3 Know All Men by These Presents;[❤3] Undersigned; Now Therefore Undersigned:[❤4] Now Therefore:[❤5] 特此,因此等。这个短语一般接whereas 之后,引出具体协议事项的常用开头词,并与其后的hereby 连用,译“兹”,“特此”。 例1 Know All Men by these presents that we_(bank’s name)__ having our registered office [❤6] at ______ (hereinafter called “the Bank”) will be bound unto[❤7] _(the Owner’s name)_ (hereinafter called “the Owner”) in sum of ______ for payment well and truly[❤8] to be made to the said Owner, the

英文合同的写作技巧

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