第五章英汉句子对比与翻译第一节英汉在连贯方式上的“形合”与“意合”连贯是句子依据合理的语义和逻辑关系，恰当地连为一体的语篇特征，但在重意合的汉语中，这种特征往往隐含在上下文中，呈“隐性”状态，但这并不妨碍汉语读者对其阅读和理解，因为汉语是依靠语篇的语境意义来弥补其在逻辑和连贯方面的不足，而英语语篇中的逻辑和连贯关系则表现出“显性”的特征，既它的逻辑和连贯关系是通过外在的形式，既词法和句法结构来体现的，因此，在翻译过程中，译者就应该注意这种“隐性”和“显性”之间的转换。
翻译练习：1)We crossed the Y angtze and arrived at the station, where I bought a ticket while he saw to myluggage… At the sight of his back tears started to my eyes, but I wiped them hastily so that neither he nor anyone else might see them.2)As the weather was getting better, we decided to go for an outing the next day.3)Three month later, when he had spent all his five dollars, he felt obliged to climb onto slow-goingfreight trains, despite the police’s pursuits or arrests.4)It was only his legendary travel experiences, especially the experiences of his visit to the northern partof Shaanxi Province 60 years ago that determined his lifetime cause, thus closely connoting his life with the Chinese revolution.第二节英汉在语义层次表达上的“形合”和“意合”进行英汉对比研究的学者们常将英语句子比作树木结构，将汉语的句子比作竹子结构。
这就是说，英语句子中充满了从属结构，从属结构包括了动词的非限定形式、介词短语和各种分句。
从属结构可以比作“枝杈”；汉语句子充满了并立结构，并立分句之间用逗号分开，直直的，每有“枝杈”，像根竹子。
汉语的这些并立分句常被称作“流水句”。
英语句子的树木结构是英语的形合在语意层次表现上的具体体现：句子的主干（主句）用来表示主要信息，从属结构（枝杈）表示次要信息。
这样意义层次在表面结构上就表现出来了，呈显性；汉语句子的竹子结构是汉语的意合在语意层次表现上的具体体现：句子中充满了在形式上并立的分句，语意层次要靠上下文来表示，在表面形式上看不出来，呈隐性。
英汉翻译中就应该充分考虑到英文和中文的这些不同特征。
翻译练习：1)X-rays are able to pass through objects and thus make visible details that are otherwise impossible toobserve.2)“How does the human brain work” remains one of the most profound questions confronting modernscience.3)One out of every ten persons in 1978 United States labor force was a teenager, compared with one outof fifteen in 1960.4)Situated at the foot of the hill is a hut where I think you will surely find the book that you have beenlooking for in the past.第三节英译汉句型的转换英汉两种语言在表达方式上有相似之处，但更多的是差异。
同一个思想和概念，英语有英语的表达方式，汉语有汉语的表达方式。
在很多情况下，翻译的本质，实际上是一种“替代”。
在英译汉时，需用汉语的表达方式去“替代”英语的表达方式；这中翻译中的句型转换，也可以说是“改换说法”。
翻译练习：1)Wet paint!2)No Smoking!3)No littering!4)Where love is the case, the doctor is an ass.5)Nowadays it is not seldom that a man lives to be seventy years old.6)It is popular for the fine views from the summit of the mountain.7)Man did not learn to write until about 3000 B.C..8)The battle field became something holy. It was not touched.9)For most people the word “education”means “school”and “school”conjures up an image of abuilding with classrooms.第四节英汉句子结构的差异与翻译是“重写”或“改写”英语句子的特点是句子中的每一个成分，均可有修饰语，而且修饰语可以不止一个，每个修饰语都可以很长；一个修饰语还可以被另一个休息语修饰，因此句子结构复杂，犹如“参天大树，枝叶横生”，被称为“树状形结构”。
汉语修饰语少而短，句子由一个一个的分句构成，逐步展开，犹如“万顷碧波，层层推进”，被称为“波浪形结构”。
汉语的这种句式，语法学家称之为“流水句”。
如果说，汉英两种语言在句子结构上有许多差异的话，这是最根本的一个差异。
英汉对译成功的关键就是改换句型。
Nida 曾说过：“In order to translate meaning, form must be changed”。
钱中书先生说：“得意忘言”。
这里所谓的“form”和“言”，主要是指语言形式，既“表达方式”。
就句子而言，主要是指句子结构。
因此，英译汉时，我们要把英语句子的“树状形结构”转换成汉语句子的“波浪形结构”。
翻译练习：1)A beautifully situated park on the lake’s shore provides a perfect spot to savor an ice cream whilewatching the boats darting about on the bay or the exciting arrival of the famous M/S Mount Washington（华盛顿山号游轮）as she docks nearby.2)Of the more than 300 separate tribes, the largest is the Navaho in the Southwest.3)The air seemed almost sticky from the scent of bursting buds.4)Hangzhou’s West Lake is like a mirror, embellished all around with green hills and deep caves ofenchanting beauty.第五节翻译是“重写”或“改写”翻译是“重写”也可以说是“改写”，是学习翻译的一个十分重要的概念。
思果先生在《翻译新究》中说：“我一向认为翻译是翻译，不是写作。
这个观念很害事，可能是学翻译的人走不通的胡同。
翻译不是翻译，是重写。
”“我已经说过，字是桎梏，一定要打破；翻译要意译；要找中文表达原文的意思、感情等等。
不过，我现在还觉得不够；不如说要重写，容易叫读者明白我的用心。
”如果说，翻译中“替代”的方法主要是在翻译词汇和短语的层次上进行的话，句型的转换则主要是在翻译句子的层次上进行的，而重写则更多的是在段落的层次上进行的。
当然，句子翻译中的句型转换，实际上也是重写。
翻译练习：1)Here in New Hampshire there are many opportunities to find a peaceful spot hidden among the lushforests of tall evergreens and hard-woods or next to a rambling brook or pictorial lake.2)Lulled by the gentle motion and soothed by the rippling music of the waves, the babies soon fellasleep.3)It is a curious fact, of which I can think of no satisfactory explanation, that enthusiasm for country lifeand love of natural scenery are strongest and most widely diffused precisely in those European countries which have the worst climate and where the search for the picturesque involves the greatest discomfort.4)Some fishing boats were becalmed just in front of us. Their shadows slept, or almost slept, upon thewater, a gentle quivering alone showing that it was not complete sleep, or if sleep, that it was sleep with dreams.第六节英语长句的翻译在英语长句的翻译中，万万不可根据语法成分的对应来决定汉语语序，否则译文常常是佶屈聱牙，不堪卒读。