感染相关英文词汇小结G-（7.1肠杆菌）1. Enteric Bacilli肠杆菌2. diverse anatomic sites 不同解剖位置3. compromised hosts 免疫抑制的宿主4.colonic flora肠道菌群5. Escherichia coli大肠埃希氏菌6. Klebsiella克雷伯杆菌7. Proteus变形杆菌8. Enterobacter肠杆菌属9. Serratia沙雷菌属10. Citrobacter枸橼酸菌属11. Morganella摩根菌属12. Providencia普罗威登菌属13. Edwardsiella爱德华氏菌属14. pathotypes 致病类型15. gram-negative bacilli (GNB)革兰阴性菌16. GNB (primarily E. coli , Klebsiella , and Proteus ) only transiently colonize the oropharynx and skin of healthy individuals GNB（特别是大肠埃希菌，克雷伯菌，变形杆菌）仅短暂定植于正常人群体的口咽部和皮肤17. long-term care facilities (LTCFs)长期照护机构18. GNB emerge as the dominant flora of both mucosal and skin surfaces（在某些环境下），GNB成为粘膜、皮肤表面的主要菌群19. extended length of stay住院时间延长20. severe illness疾病严重21. antimicrobial use抗菌药物应用22.colonization may lead to subsequent infection定植可造成感染23.oropharyngeal colonization may lead to pneumonia口咽部定植可造成肺炎24. extracytoplasmic outer membrane胞质外外膜25. lipid bilayer磷脂双层26. lipoproteins脂蛋白27.polysaccharides[capsule,lipopolysaccharide (LPS)]多糖（夹膜，脂多糖）28.critical determinants in pathogenesis and antimicrobial resistance发病过程以及抗菌药物耐药的重要决定因素29. bacterial virulence factors细菌致病因子30. infect the host efficiently快速感染宿主31. cognate pathogens共生的病原菌32. microbes and hosts微生物群和宿主33. evolutionary history进化历史34. commensal/symbiotic interaction共生关系35.mitochondria—formerly bacteria—within eukaryotic cells线粒体曾经为原核生物的细菌36. dead-end relationship死亡关系（无前途）37. chess match国际象棋对抗赛38.Extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli (ExPEC)肠外致病大肠埃希菌39. extracellular pathogens细胞外的病原菌40. Innate immunity固有免疫41.activities of complement补体活性42. antimicrobial peptides抗菌多肽43. professional phagocytes吞噬细胞44. Extraintestinal attachment肠外粘附（能力）45. mucociliary blanket粘膜纤毛层（毯，啧啧那么形象么）46. Multiple adhesins不同的粘附分子46. type I, S, and F1C fimbriae; P pili（不同的粘附分子）47. Nutrient sequestration攫取营养48. iron via intracellular storage细胞储存的铁49.extracellular scavenging via lactoferrin and transferrin)细胞外通过乳铁蛋白和转铁蛋白获取铁50.Cellular lysis细胞裂解51. hemolysin溶红细胞素52.multiple mechanisms for competing for iron and other nutrients多种攫取铁和其他营养素的机制53. siderophores嗜铁素54.diarrheal disease腹泻疾病（E. coli独特之处）55. defining traits独特特点56.many important virulence genes await identification许多重要的毒力基因尚待确认57.understanding of many aspects of the pathogenesis of infections due to GNB is in its infancy对GNB感染过程的理解尚浅58. septic shock感染性休克59. The lipid A moiety of LPS (via interaction with host Toll-like receptor 4)脂多糖的脂质A部分（通过与宿主Toll样受体4作用）60. overly exuberant（细菌）生殖旺盛61. antigenic variants (serotypes)抗原变异（致使不同的血清型）62. >150 O-specific antigens（in E. coli ）超过150种氧特异性抗原63. >80 capsular antigens（in E. coli ）>80种夹膜抗原64. immune evasion免疫逃逸65. recurrent infection感染复发66. different strains of the same species同一种的不同菌属67. impeded vaccine development加速疫苗的开发68.intrinsic or acquired antimicrobial resistance天然或后天获得性耐药69.alterations or disruptions of host defenses.宿主防御系统改变及损害70. pneumonia肺炎71. bacteremia (arising from any source)菌血症（可能来源于各个部位）72. Isolation of GNB from ordinarily sterile anatomic sites从原本无菌的体部位分离出G-菌73.nonsterile sites非无菌区74. open soft-tissue wounds开放的软组织伤口75. respiratory tract呼吸道76. clinical correlation结合临床77. differentiate colonization from infection鉴别定植还是感染78. lactose fermentation乳糖发酵79. indole production产生吲哚80. evolving patterns of antimicrobial resistance逐渐变化的耐药特性81. lag between published and real-time resistance rates已公布的和真实世界耐药率间的时间差82. ever-increasing prevalence ofmultidrug-resistant (MDR) GNB多药耐药的G-菌的流行83. broad-spectrum treatment广谱的药物治疗84. appropriate narrower spectrum agent适合的窄谱抗菌药物85. antimicrobial stewardship抗菌药物合理应用86. superinfection with resistant bacteria耐药的超级细菌87. maximize the useful longevity of available antimicrobial agents延长现有抗菌药物的使用寿命88. not to treat patients who are colonized but not infected如为定植，无需治疗89. antimicrobial resistance profiles of GNB G-菌的耐药谱90. species细菌的种属91. geographic location地理位置92.regional antimicrobial use当地抗菌药物的应用情况93. hospital site [intensive care units (ICUs) versus wards]医院的位置（ICU或普通病房）94. carbapenems碳青霉烯类95. imipenem美罗培南96. aminoglycoside氨基糖苷类97. amikacin阿米卡星98. cephalosporin IVIV代头孢菌素99. cefepime头孢吡肟100. piperacillin-tazobactam哌拉西林-他唑巴坦101.β-Lactamasesβ酰胺酶102. most important mediators of resistance to these drugs in GNB（β酰胺酶）是GNB耐药的主要机制103. Decreased permeability渗透性下降104. active efflux of β-lactam agentsβ酰胺类药物主动泵出105. in combination withβ-lactamase-mediated resistance与β酰胺酶介导的耐药同时存在106. Broad spectrum β-lactamases广谱β酰胺酶107. penicillins and cephalosporins I青霉素及头孢I代108.enteric GNB肠道G-菌109. clavulanate克拉维酸盐（棒酸盐）110. Extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs)超广谱β酰胺酶111. cephalosporins III and IV头孢III代及IV代112. aztreonam氨曲南113. acquired ESBL-encoding genes via transferable plasmids通过质粒传播的获得性ESBL基因114. most prevalent最普遍115. Klebsiella pneumoniae肺炎克雷伯菌116. K. oxytoca产酸克雷伯菌117. underrecognized被低估118. Enterobacter肠杆菌119. Citrobacter柠檬酸细菌属120. Proteus变形杆菌属121. Serratia沙雷氏菌属122. the regional prevalence ofESBL-producing GNB declines in rank order as follows: Latin America > Western Pacific > Europe > United States and Canada产ESBLG-菌的发生率降序排列为：拉丁美洲>西太平洋>欧洲>美国和加拿大123. Hospital outbreaks due toESBL-producing strains医院产ESBL菌株感染爆发124. extensive use of cephalosporins III头孢III代广泛运用125. ceftazidime头孢他定.most reliably active β-lactam agents against ESBL-expressing strains（carbapenems）对产ESBL表达菌株最有效的β酰胺酶制剂是（碳青霉烯）127. porin mutations外膜蛋白基因突变128. decreased uptake of cephalosporins and β-lactam/β-lactamase inhibitor combinations （细菌）对头孢菌素、β酰胺酶/β酰胺酶抑制剂的摄取降低129.Thus, ESBL-producing isolates should be considered resistant to all penicillins, cephalosporins, and aztreonam因此，分离菌产ESBL意味着对所有青霉素类、头孢类抗菌药物及氨曲南耐药130.Ceftobiprole头孢托罗酯131. first-in-class一类药物中的第一个原研药132. methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus Aureus（MRSA）耐甲氧西林的金黄色葡萄球菌. Enterobacteriaceae肠杆菌科134.AmpC β –lactamases confer resistance to the same substrates as ESBLs plus the cephamycinsAmpCβ酰胺酶可导致耐药，和ESBL有同样的底物，同时还有对头霉素类耐药. cefoxitin头孢西丁136. cefotetan头孢替坦137. AmpC enzymes resist inhibition byβ-lactamase inhibitorsAmpC酶可不被β酰胺酶抑制剂所抑制. constitutive chromosomal AmpCβ-lactamases染色体编码AmpCβ酰胺酶的基因. Proteus vulgaris普通变形杆菌140. Providencia普罗威登斯菌属141. Morganella摩根（氏）菌属142. aminopenicillins氨基青霉素143. cefazolin头孢唑林144. acquired plasmids containing AmpCβ-lactamase genes质粒介导的AmpCβ酰胺酶基因转导145.cefepime is stable to AmpC β-lactamases 头孢吡肟对AmpCβ酰胺酶稳定146. Carbapenemases碳青霉烯酶147. Automated susceptibility systems自动化药敏检测系统148. unreliable for detection of carbapenemases对碳青霉烯酶的检测不可信149. imipenem亚胺培南150. meropenem美罗培南151. ertapenem厄他培南152. Resistance to ertapenem is the most sensitive marker for carbapenem resistance in automated systems在自动药敏检测系统中，厄他培南耐药即意味着碳青霉烯酶耐药，是最敏感的指标153. modified Hodge test改良Hodge试验154. Tigecycline替加环素155. polymyxins多粘菌素类156. tigecycline reaches only low concentrations in serum and urine, a characteristic that warrants concern about its use in the treatment of bacteremia and urinary tract infection (UTI)替加环素血药浓度、尿药浓度低，因此对其治疗菌血症和尿路感染的可靠性有所质疑157. Resistance to fluoroquinolones usually is due to alterations of the target site (DNA gyrase and/or topoisomerase IV), with or without decreased permeability, active efflux, or protection of the target site.氟喹诺酮耐药主要由于靶点改变（DNA回旋酶和/或拓扑异构酶IV），伴随或不伴随渗透率降低，主动泵出以及靶点的保护作用159. MDR GNB多重耐药G-菌158. pending susceptibility results根据药敏结果160. assess the clinical response to treatment 评价治疗的反应161. resistance may evolve during therapy治疗过程中可出现耐药162. drainage of abscesses脓肿引流. removal of infected foreign bodies感染灶切除164. polymicrobial infections多重感染165. prudent to design an antimicrobial regimen active against all of the GNB 设计针对所有G-的抗菌药治疗方案需要慎重166. superinfection超级细菌感染167.Clostridium difficile colitis难辨梭菌结肠炎168. Diligent adherence to hand-hygiene protocols坚持执行手卫生原则169. avoidance of inappropriate antimicrobial use避免不合理抗菌药物应用170. avoidance of the use of indwelling devices(e.g., urinary and intravascular catheters, endotracheal tubes)避免体留置设备（尿路、静脉导管、气管置管）171. placement放置172. Positioning (e.g., head of bed at ≥30°) 适当的体位（床头抬高≥30°）173. good oral hygiene注意口腔卫生174. decrease the incidence of pneumonia in ventilated patients降低通气患者肺炎的发生率175. commensal strains共生的菌株176. normal facultative intestinal flora正常的兼性肠道菌群177. confer benefits to the host (e.g., resistance to colonization with pathogenicorganisms)为宿主提供好处（如，防止病原微生物定植）178. lack the specialized virulence traits缺乏特殊的致病特点179. a foreign body (e.g., a urinary catheter)异物（尿管）180. host compromise (e.g., local anatomic or functional abnormalities such as urinary or biliary tract obstruction or systemic immunocompromise)宿主免疫抑制（局部解剖或功能异常，例如尿道、胆道梗阻或系统免疫功能异常）181. inoculum（接种）菌群182. fecal contamination of the peritoneal cavity腹腔粪便污染183. phylogenetic background系统发育背景184. surgical wound infection手术伤口感染185. osteomyelitis骨髓炎. myositis肌炎187. intestinal pathogenic E. coli肠道致病大肠埃希菌188. gastroenteritis胃肠炎. ExPEC strains肠外致病菌190. Urinary tract infection （UTI）尿路感染191. ambulatory patients门诊患者192. uncomplicated cystitis无症状膀胱炎193. pyelonephritis肾盂肾炎. catheter-associated UTIs导管相关尿路感染. specific hosts (e.g., premenopausal women, compromised hosts特殊的患者（绝经前女性，免疫抑制患者）. frequent recurrences反复复发. dysuria排尿困难. urinary frequency尿频. suprapubic pain耻骨上疼痛200. Fever and/or back pain suggests progression to pyelonephritis.发热及后背疼痛意味着疼痛进展至肾盂肾炎201. fever may take 5–7 days to resolve completely发热需5-7天完全恢复202. Persistently elevated or increasing fever and neutrophil counts持续发热及中性粒细胞升高203. prompt evaluation for intrarenal orperinephric abscess and/or obstruction迅速评估是否存在肾、肾周的脓肿或梗阻204. Renal parenchymal damage and loss of renal function肾实质和肾功能损伤205. Pregnant women孕妇206. adversely affect the outcome of pregnancy影响孕程207. prenatal screening产前检查208. asymptomatic bacteriuria无症状性细菌尿209. Prostatic infection前列腺感染210. potential complication of UTI尿路感染可能的并发症211. tailored to the individual host个体化治疗212. Abdominal and pelvic infection腹腔和盆腔感染213. acute peritonitis secondary to fecal contamination,粪便感染激发急性腹膜炎214. spontaneous bacterial peritonitis自发性细菌性腹膜炎215. dialysis-associated peritonitis透析相关性腹膜炎216. diverticulitis憩室炎217. appendicitis阑尾炎218. intraperitoneal or visceralabscesses(hepatic,pancreatic, splenic)腹腔或脏脓肿（肝脏、胰腺、肾脓肿）219. infected pancreatic pseudocysts胰腺假性囊肿220. septic cholangitis化脓性胆管炎221. septic cholecystitis化脓性胆囊炎222. facultative and/or anaerobic members of the intestinal flora肠道菌群中的兼性厌氧和厌氧菌223. community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) 社区获得性肺炎224. hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP)医院获得性感染肺炎225. postoperative and ICU patients术后及ICU患者226. ventilator-associated pneumonia呼吸机相关肺炎227. small-volume aspiration小容量吸气228. hematogenous spread血性感染229. multifocal nodular infiltrates多灶性浸润。