09二轮专题1：阅读理解体裁专项突破之三——说明文画川高级中学王文华【文体特色】说明文的目的是"告知"，即告诉人们某事并对其加以解释，以便读者了解。
它与议论文的根本区别在于客观、真实，重细节描述，轻抽象评论。
它的语言多采用客观性词语，较少使用主观判断词汇，如表示个人善恶的形容词、副词。
因此，这类文章对考生来说，相对容易理解和解答。
说明文结构特征和方法与议论文有相似之处，也常采用演绎和归纳法，但与后者相比，说明文中归纳法的使用相对较多些。
【考查特点】高考对说明文的考查多为科普说明文，它是阅读理解重要内容，也是高考考查难点。
科普说明文着重揭示自然界潜在奥秘、生物生存背景和产品工艺原理，多解释性、定义性、说明性长句，甚至可能会出现多种从句叠现的现象，因此阅读科普说明文时同学们一定要保持冷静，始终以平静的心态阅读原文，解答试题。
同时应认真分析长句句子结构和逻辑关系，这样才能对其做出准确理解。
【常见考法及技巧】1.动植物保护自身方式判断题介绍动植物生长特点时常出现受环境影响动植物保护自身方式判断题，这种试题常以To defend…，…uses…或How does…protect itself against…？为设问方式，解题时应认真阅读原文对动植物自我保护方式内容的介绍，看其是以进化、逃避还是进攻保护自身。
2.标题判断题科普说明文多出现标题判断题，考查考生对全文的理解，它常以What would be the best title for this passage？为设问方式，解题时应特别注意因科普说明文常介绍动植物是如何保护自身的，因此多以How do/does…defend themselves（itself）为标题。
3.生词词义判断题科普说明文往往揭示自然奥秘、动植物生存特点及产品工艺原理，易出现一些学术性较强的生词，因此常出现生词词义判断题，这种试题常以What does the underlined word mean？或What is the meaning of the underlined word？为设问方式考查对生词词义的判断。
解题时一定要认真阅读原文，分析原文对自然奥秘、动植物生存特点、产品工艺原理是如何解释、如何定义的，在此基础上抽象概括出生词词义。
4.代词指代判断题科技说明文在对自然奥秘、动植物生存特点及产品工艺原理进行解释时，易出现动作变换多、人称转变频的现象，因此常出现代词指代判断题，这些试题常以it，they，them等表物的代词为命题题点，要求考生根据上下文语境逻辑推断其指代对象。
解题时应认真分析动作转换背景，区分动作不同执行者，从而准确判断代词的正确指代。
5.科学方法图示判断题科普说明文常出现科学方法图示判断题，这种试题或以生物依赖关系为命题题点，要求考生判断正确的生物依赖关系；或以工艺流程为命题题点，要求考生判断正确的流程顺序，或以生产方法为命题题点，要求考生判断正确的生产方法；或以机械配制为命题题点，要求考生判断正确的机械配制。
解题时一定要认真阅读分析原文对生物依赖关系、发明创造诞生过程和工艺流程过程的介绍，并且边读边画简易草图，以提高理解准确率。
分析备选项时应对照原文介绍情况，找出各图不同之处，以便最终做出正确判断。
6.新产品使用方法判断题科学的发明创造都应推广使用才能转化为生产力，因此科普说明文阅读材料常出现新产品使用方法判断题，这种试题常以What is the correct way to use the new invention？或How can you use the new product？或What should we do to use the new product？为设问方式考查对新产品使用方法的判断。
解题时应认真阅读原文介绍新产品使用方法的注意点，从而找到新产品正确的使用方法。
真题演练AAnimals can move from place to place，but plants cannot. When an animal is under attack，it can run away or fight back…… Plants certainly cannot run away，and they lack teeth and claws. But plants can defend themselves by using both physical and chemical means.Some plants have their own ways to keep animals away. For example，the leaves of the holly plant have sharp spines （刺）that discourage grass-eating animals. Holly leaves on lower branches havemore spines than leaves on upper branches. This is because the lower leaves are easier for most animals to reach……Some plants，such as the oak tree，have thick and hard leaves that are difficult for animals to eat. Some grasses may contain a sandy material；eating such grasses wears down th e animal’s teeth.Many plants also have chemical defenses. Some plants produce chemicals that taste bitter or cause an unpleasant reaction. Some plants may fight against an attack by increasing the production of these chemicals. When a caterpillar （毛虫）bites a tobacco leaf，the leaf produces a chemical messenger. This messenger sends to the roots the information to produce more nicotine. The higher levels of nicotine discourage the caterpillar.Many plants depend on both physical and chemical defenses. A certain plant in China，for instance，has prickly （多刺的）leaves，and each prickle contains poisonous venom （毒液）A single experience with this kind of plant will teach an animal to stay away from it in the future. （NEMT2005江苏D篇）1. To defend themselves，oak trees use________.A. chemical meansB. physical meansC. bitter chemicalsD. sandy materials2. How does tobacco protect itself against an attack from a caterpillar？A. Its leaves fight against the attack by physical means.B. Its roots send a messenger to discourage the caterpillar.C. Its roots increase the production of nicotine when it is attacked.D. Its leaves produce poisonous sand to drive the caterpillar away.3. What would be the best title for this passage？A. Plants and AnimalsB. How Plants Defend ThemselvesC. Attacks and DefensesD. How Animals Eat Plant Leaves答案与解析：1. B 植物保护自身方式判断题。
由原文第三节首句Some plants，such as the oak tree，have thick and hard leaves that are difficultfor animals to eat.体现答案。
2. C 植物保护自身方式判断题。
由原文第四节This messenger sends to the roots the information to produce more nicotine可以推出答案。
3. B 标题判断题。
认真阅读分析原文不难发现，原文第一节末句But plants can defend themselves by using both physical and chemical means.为主题句，全文围绕它展开说明，由此不难找到答案。
BDifferent creatures have developed some pretty creative ways to get their rest and stay safe. The lizard（蜥蝎）likes to sleep at the far end of small branches hanging out over a pond or lake in the rain forest. If a snake tries to slither up the branch to eat it ,it will shake the branch and knock the lizard off ,and the lizard will fall safely into the water. Chameleons can change color to match their surroundings in order to hide even while sleeping.Corillas（大猩猩）like to sleep high in the trees. They build a new bed every night, sometimes taking up to half an hour to pile branches ,twigs ,and leaves into a comfortable bed .Birds also find it safe to sleep in the trees, but unless they have eggs or young chicks ,they don’t use a nest .They just lock their feet around a branch and hang on .A special tendon（腱）in their legs in automatically tight when they are at rest ,so they won’t let go and fall.Dolphins live underwater ,but must come to the surface to breather .Scientists now believe that dolphins may sleep with only half their brain, while the other half stays awake to keep them safe and breathing. Seals also do this ,lying on their sides on the surface of the water with one flipper underwater paddling to keep their noses above the surface. Some ducks may also have this ability, and actually sleep with one eye closed and one eye open.6．How many animals are mentioned in this passage?A．6. B．7. C．8. D．9.7．How does a chameleon protect itself while sleeping?A．By changing its body colors. B．By hinging out over a pond.C．By sleeping with half their brain. D．By making beds with branches.8．Why will not birds fall when they are at rest?A．They build nests and sleep in them. B．They fall asleep automatically.C．They have a loose tendon in their legs. D．They lock their feet around a branch.9．What does the writer intend to tell us?A．The cleverest animal is the gorilla because it can make beds.B．Differences in habitat could lead to different living habits.C．The ways animals catch their ZZZ’s are pretty much he same .D．In order to protect themselves most animals choose not to sleep.CBut I wonder about my Momma sometimes, and all the other Negro(blacks )mothers who got up at 6 a.m. to go to the white man’s house with sacks over their shoes because it was so wet and cold. I wonder how they made it .They worked very hard for the man, they made his breakfast and they scrubbed his floors and they took care of his babies. They didn’t have too much time for us.I wonder about my Momma ,who walked out of a white woman’s clean house at midnight and came back to her own where the lights had been out for three months ,and the pipes were frozen and the wind came in through the holes in the wall. She’d have to make deals with the rats: leave some food out for them so the wouldn’t bite the doors or the babies. The roaches（蟑螂）？Oh ,they were just like part of the family!I wonder how she felt telling those white kids she took care of to brush their teeth after they ate, to wash their hands after they finish bathroom. She could never tell her own kids because there wasn’t soap or water back home.I wonder how my Momma felt when we came home from school with a list of vitamins and pills the school nurse said we had to have .Momma would cry all night , and then go out and spend most of the rent money for pills. A week later ,the white man would come for his eightee n dollars’ rent and Momma would beg him to wait until tomorrow . She had to lie to him that she had lost her wallet or the relief check was coming soon or the white people had some money for her. Tomorrow I’d be hiding in the closet because there was only supposed to be two kids in the flat ,and I couldhear the rent man shout at my Momma and call her a cheat. And when he finally went away, Momma put the sacks on her shoes and went off to the rich white man’s house to dress the rich white kids so their mother could take them to a special baby doctor.10．Mother got up at 6 a.m. every day ,because .A．she had to cook breakfast for her childrenB．she had to catch the first bus to the factoryC．she had to work in the white man’s houseD．she had to go to see a special baby doctor11．Mother never told us to brush our teeth or to wash our hands because .A．she though we didn’t need to B．we didn’t like washing handsC．we had done everything very well D．there was no soap or water in our home12．Why did the writer hide in a closet when the landowner came for rent?A.The closet could only hold two kids.B.Only two kids were allowed to live in the house.C.They should pay more rent for two kids.D.There was only one bedroom for the two kids. 13．What does the writer mainly tell us?A．Black people lead a miserable life. B．Black people don’t have enough rent money. C．White people lead an expensive life. D．White people have special baby doctors.DBritain is facing a sharp rise in its rat population as growing numbers of people leave fast food scraps in the street ,an environment group warned .Keep Britain Tidy said the rodents（啮齿动物）were stopping their traditional hunts underground and were roaming the streets ,tempted by discarded burgers ,pizzas and crisps. “The rat population is on the rise and soon it’ll be as common to see a rodent on our street as it is to see a dog or a cat,” said group Director ,Sue Nelson. The practice of dumping fast food litter and scraps on the street rather than in the trash—with young men the worst offenders—was behind the rise. According to the National Rodent Survey in 2005, Britain’s rat population has grown by nearly one quarter since 2000 and is now estimated at 60 million ,two million more than the human population. On average a rat can give birth every 24—28days and just a single pair of rats can produce a colony of 2,000 a year. Around 200 people a year get Weil’s Disease –an infection which can lead to liver or kidney（肝肾）failure and eventually death and which is arrived in ra t’s waste. To highlight the issue ,Keep Britain Tidy launched a cinema ad entitled “How close do you want them to get?” The ad gave a shocking image of a young woman sleeping in a bed of rots –echoing the nightmare scene from James Herbert’s classic horror tale The Rats, in which mutant rodents begin to prey on（捕食）humans.14．Where did the rodents use to search for food?A．In the Street . B．Under the ground. C．From the trash cans. D．In burger shops. 15．What is the human population now according to the writer?A．60 million. B．58 million. C．35 million. D．2 million.16．We may infer from the passage that--------------- .A．Weil’s Disease will finally end the world B．pizzas and crisps will become poisonous C．rats will endanger human beings’ life D.y oung people are blame for the rat population 17．By writing the passage, the author tries to .A.close some of the burger and pizza restaurantsB.draw the public attention to the problem of ratsC.prevent the rats from growing upD.making advertisement for the classic horror film The RatsEWe all know what it is like to be unable to turn your head because of a cold in the muscles of your neck, or because an unexpected twist has made your neck ache and stiff. Your whole body feels tight. The slightest move makes you jump with pain. Nothing could be worse than a pain in the neck.That is why we use phrase to describe some people who give you the same feeling. We have all met such people.One is the man who always seems to be clapping his hands—often at the wrong time—during a performance in the theater. He keeps you from hearing the actors.Even worse are those who can never arrive before the curtain goes up and play begins. Theycome hurrying down to your row of seats. You are comfortably settled down, with your hat and heavy coat in your lap. You must stand up to ;et them pass. You are proud of your self—control after they have settled into their seats…Well, what now…Good God, one of them is up again. He forgot to go to the men’s room, and once m ore you have to stand up, hanging on to your hat and coat to let him pass. Now, that is “a pain in the neck.”Another, well—known to us all, is the person sitting behind you in the movies. His mouth is full of popcorn; he is chewing loudly, or talking between bites to friends next to him. None of them remain still. Up and down, back and forth, they go—for another bag of popcorn, or something to drink.Then, there is the main sitting next to you at a lunch counter smoking a smelly cigar. He wants you to enjoy it too, and blows smoke across you food into your mouth.We must not forget the man who comes into a bus or subway car and sits down next to you, just as close as you will let him. You are reading the newspaper and he leans over and stretches his rock so that he can read the paper with you. He may even turn the paper to the next page before you are ready for it.We also call such a person a “rubber neck,” always stretching his neck to where it does not belong, like neighbors who watch all your visitors. They enjoy invading your privacy. People have a strong dislike for rubbernecks. They hate being spied upon.18．Where can you find this passage?A．Medicine dictionaries. B．Social science books,C．Kids’ comic books.D．Science text books.19．How do you feel when late comers walk back and forth in front of you in a cinema? A．Ignored. B．Bored. C．Disturbed D．Relaxed.20．A “rubber neck” often .A．says bad words behind people. B．quarrels face to face with neighbors. C．bargains the price with sales women D．asks about other people’s business6~10CADBC 11~15DBABB 16~20CB BCD。