This rigid S-V concord （主谓协调一致） forms the kernel of an English sentence.
English smplicated, can be reduced to five basic patterns: SV, SVP, SVO, SVoO, and SVOC.
E.g. She was with a child. 她身边带着一个孩子。 She was with child. 她怀有身孕。
They are students of our school. 他们是本校的一部分学生。
They are the students of our school. 他们是本校的全体学生。
The essay has been translated. 全市到处在兴建新工厂。 （地点主语）
New factories are being built all over the city. 现在正下着毛毛细雨。 （时间主语）
It is drizzling at the moment. 累得我站不起来了。（无主句）
• Chinese is rich in particles(助词), which can be classified into aspect particles(动态 助词，如：着、了、过), tructural particles （结构助词，如：的、地、得）, and emotional particles（语气助词，如：嘛、 吗、吧、呢）.
Chinese, however, is relatively free from the government of the rigid S-V concord. The subject-predicate structure is usually varied, flexible, and therefore complicated and supple. E.g. 文章翻译完了。（受事主语）
In Chinese the above grammatical meanings are mostly implied in contexts or between the lines, though often with the help of word order.
E.g. He moved astonishingly fast. He moved with astonishing rapidity. His movements are astonishingly rapid. His movements astonished us by their rapidity. 他行动之快令人惊讶。 他行动之迅速令人惊讶。 他行动之迅速令我们惊讶不已。
English vs. Chinese: Ten Pairs of Features
英汉对比研究
1. Synthetic vs. Analytic （综合语与分析语）
A synthetic language is characterized by frequent and systematic use of inflected forms (曲折变化形式，词 尾变化的词语) to express grammatical relationships.
I am so exhausted that I can’t stand up.
The predicate of a Chinese sentence is so varied and complicated:
天高云淡。（形容词作谓语） The sky is high and the clouds are pale. 他出国留学去了。 （连动式谓语） He has gone abroad for further studies. 我介绍他加入协会。 （兼语式谓语） I recommended him for membership of of the association. 这项合同经理要签名。 (主谓词组作谓语) This contract should be signed by the manager.
• The frequent use of Chinese particles is a
hard nut for foreign learners of Chinese.
2. Rigid vs. Supple (刚性与柔性)
English sentence structures are composed of noun phrases, verb phrases, etc. It has become an invariable custom to have a subject before a verb, and therefore a sentence that does not contain a subject and a verb is felt to be incomplete. The subject must agree with the predicate verb in person and number, etc. This rigid S-V concord forms the kernel of a sentence, with the predicate verb controlling other main members. English sentences, however long and complicated, can be reduced to five basic patterns: SV, SVP, SVO, SVoO, and SVOC.
An analytic language is marked by a relatively frequent use of function words, auxiliary verbs, and changes in word order to express syntactic relations, rather than of inflected forms.