浅说基本句型的扩展河北省永年县第八中学赵现国我们所学过的五种基本句型（即：主语+不及物动词；主语+及物动词+宾语；主语+连系动词+表语；主语+及物动词+直接宾语+间接宾语；主语+及物动词+宾语+宾语补足语等五种）只是句子的基本框架，在实际应用中，为能更完整、更生动地表达更复杂的意思，我们常常需要将句子在基本框架的基础之上进行扩展，这样才能使好似骨架的基本句型形成完整的有血有肉的句子。
那么如何扩展呢？常见的方法有两种：一增加修饰成分：修饰成分包括定语和状语两种。
1.定语：定语主要用来修饰名词和代词。
它可由单个词如形容词、形容词性物主代词、不定代词、指示代词、副词、数词、名词所有格、现在分词、过去分词或名词等来充当，也可以由短语如：介词短语、副词短语、不定式短语、分词短语等和从句来充当。
定语的位置有两种：①前置②后置。
一般情况下单词作定语应放到被修饰词之前，即前置定语；短语和从句作定语，应放到被修饰词之后，来充当后置定语。
如：two interesting stories told by our English teachera friend of Jim’s mother’sthe little lovely restaurant by the seathe university student in red sitting beside Tomboth the two disappointed girlsthe man who is speaking to our English teacher使用定语时应特别注意以下几点：★如果名词前有多个词充当定语，一般可以按照“先笼统后具体，先客观后主观，先短后长”的原则排列。
如：a nice new bike ,a long interesting book★具体地说不同词类充当名词的定语时一般可依据下面的次序排列：⑴不定代词、指示代词、名词性所有格、冠词、物主代词等限定词。
⑵数词⑶形容词、分词⑷名词。
如：the two brown stone wallall the Chinese farmer’s flooded rice fields★若有多个形容词充当名词的定语，可依据下面的次序进行排列：⑴品质类⑵大小、形状、长短类⑶颜色类。
如：a ugly long facea beautiful broad red carpeta delightful little black kittenher beautiful small round pink smiling face她那美丽的小而圆的粉红色的小脸that funny little red mosquito-like insect那只红色的蚊子样的有趣的小昆虫★在下列情况下定语必须放到被修饰词之后：⑴形容词作定语，修饰由some-、any-、no-、every-等后加上-thing 、-body、-one、等构成的复合不定代词时。
如：anything important ,nothing wrong, someone else⑵副词作定语时。
如：the man upstairs , the car outside⑶现在分词或过去分词短语、介词短语、形容词短语和不定式等作定语时。
如；a man called Jim,the girl sitting behind me ,the way to get to the post office ,the table by the window.⑷从句作定语时。
如：This is one thing that I haven’t forgotten.2.状语状语主要用来修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，用以说明时间、地点、目的、原因、条件、结果、程度和伴随状况等。
它可由副词或相当于副词的其他词类、短语或从句来充当。
如：It is raining heavily（副词表程度）I was born in Beijing（介词短语表地点）He stopped to look out of the window（不定式充当目的状语）He is sitting there smoking （现在分词表伴随状况）The coat is so small that I can’t wear it.（从句表结果）状语通常放到被修饰词之后或句子的末尾，但有时也可放到句子之前，以示强调。
如：Here comes the bus!With these words, the tiger jumped into the river.Luckily, he was not badly hurt in the accident.Only then did I realize that I was wrong.状语的位置还要注意以下几点：★一些频度副词和表程度的副词如：never\always\usually\often\sometimes\seldom ;almost\already\hardly\nearly\also\still\ever等做状语时，要放到实义动词之前，系动词be、助动词或情态动词之后。
如：I have never heard of that.He nearly won the first prize.★修饰形容词和副词的状语，一般放到被修饰词之前。
如：She studies very hard.The coat is much too big for the boy.★enough修饰形容词和副词作状语，应放到形容词和副词之后。
如：He is old enough to go to school.★句子中同时出现时间状语和地点状语时，一般“地点”在前，“时间”在后。
如：She always swims in the lake after breakfast.My brother was born in Beijing in 1949.二并列和从属：在增加修饰成分基础上，我们可以用连词将两个或两个以上的分句连接起来形成更为复杂的句子。
主要有并列和从属两种方式：1.并列：即根据句子之间的关系用并列连词将两个或两个以上同等重要的句子连接成比较复杂的并列句。
如：The school was over and they went home.（在说话人看来“放学”和“回家”在意义上同等重要。
The school was over和they went home是两个并列分句，两者是顺承关系。
）He is young but he works very hard.（表转折）The children can go with us or they can stay at home.（表选择）He got up too late so he missed the early bus.（表因果）2.从属就是将意义上具有主次之分的句子用从属连词连接形成主从复合句。
其中为主的句子为主句，为辅的句子称为从句。
常见的从句包括状语从句、宾语从句、定语从句、主语从句、同位语从句和表语从句等。
如：After school was over, he went home. （说话者认为“回家”是他所关心的事情，而“放学”只是来说明“回家”的时间.after school was over是时间状语从句;he went home是主句）。
常见的从属连词及其含义和用法如下表：又如：The house that he bought last year is for sale again.( 定语从句)Yesterday was the day when your essays should have been in.（定语从句）I don’t see what you want.（宾语从句）He recited the poem exactly as he had been taught（方式状语从句）I shall meet him when he returns from Italy.（时间状语从句）Wherever there is a will , there is a way.（地点状语从句）说明一点：表一所列举的连词用来引导状语从句；表二用来引导宾语从句;表三所列举的为定语从句的关系词。
主语从句、表语从句和同位语从句在初中涉及较少，所以此处不做列举。
3．有时为了表示更为复杂的意思，我们可将以上两种扩展句子的手段综合使用。
如：He entered the room silently and no one noticed him until he gave a loud shout.Most of the land below looked like sand, though Dad told me that it was greener than you thought.The other team had some good players and some of them were hard to stop when they got the ball.I said that I had no time but he insisted that I go with him.总之，再复杂的句子也都是由简单句的五种基本句型扩展而来。
如果我们在掌握五种结构基础上进一步掌握一定的句子扩展规则和翻译技巧，并能熟练应用，那么我们的翻译和写作能力就会进一步提高。
作者：赵现国通讯地址：河北省永年县第八中学外语组057154。