初高中衔接——句子成分和句子结构学习目标：1、掌握好英语中的句子成分为以后的语法教学做好充分准备；2、了解五种基本句型；3、复习巩固基本句型中的句子成分；4、掌握正确造句的基本方法。

重难点：1、会分析主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语、补语这6大成分及从句；2、会判断句子基本类型；3、会用正确的句型造句。

预习导学一、句子成份定义：组成句子的各个部分叫句子成分。

1.请写出下列句子斜体部分的句子成分。

1）My sister is a nurse. / Her room s on the fifth floor.2）She works in a hospital. / She knows a little English.3）She is writing a letter now.4）The cold weather is turning the leaves yellow.5）She feels very happy.6）Everyone in the hospital works hard.My mother ,a kind woman, loves me类别：主要是有_______/ ______/ _______/ ______/ ________/ ______/ ________，还有同位语、插入语等。

划分下列句子的成分1. The sun has risen. ___________________2. The government built the nature reserve. ___________________3. This kind of food tastes terrible. ___________________4. She cooked her husband a delicious meal. ___________________5. I couldn’t remember all the faces and names at first. ___________________6. I found the article on wildlife interesting. ____________________7. The speaker found himself misunderstood. ____________________8. The swan is swimming. ____________________课堂学习二、句子成分及基本句型句子是按照一定的语法规律组成的, 表达一个完整的意义。

英语中的基本句型有五种。

此句型的句子有一个共同特点, 即句子的谓语动词都能表达完整的意思。

这类动词叫做不及物动词, 后面可以跟副词、介词短语、状语从句等。

主语(Subject)是一个句子所叙述的主体, 一般位于句首。

表示句子说的是什么人或什么事。

Ex: 用横线划出下列句子中的主语并判断充当主语的词类:1) During the 1990s, American country music has become more and more popular. ()2) She often goes to school on foot. ()3) One – third of the students in this class are girls. ()4) To swim in the river is a great pleasure. ()5) Among his hobbies were reading books and listening to music. ()6) The rich should help the poor. ()7) When we are going to have an English test has not been decided. ()8) It is necessary to master a foreign language. ()谓语(Predicate)说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。

动词在句中作谓语, 一般放在主语之后。

谓语的构成如下:1. 简单谓语: 由一个动词或动词短语构成。

Eg:1) A traffic accident happened yesterday afternoon.2) The plane took off at ten o’clock.2. 复合谓语: 由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成。

Eg:1) You may keep the book for two weeks.2) He has caught a bad cold.此句型特点: 谓语动词是主语产生的动作, 但不能表达完整的意思, 必须跟有一个宾语, 即动作的承受者, 才能使意思完整。

这类动词叫做及物动词。

1. I like China.2. He hates you.3. ---How many do you need?---I need two.4. We should help the old and the poor.5. I hope to see you again.6. He looks after his little daughter on Sundays分析以上例句，可以看出斜体部分是句子的______语。

句子的宾语可以由_____, ______,______, _______, _______, ________等充当，它表示及物动词或及物动词短语的对象或内容。

或者用于介词后构成介词短语。

句子的谓语动词可以是单个的动词也可以是短语，如例句中的look forward to, look after等。

这类句型即________句型。

宾语(Object)表示动作的对象或承受者, 一般位于及物动词和介词后面。

Ex: 用横线划出下列句子中的宾语并判断充当宾语的词类:1) They visited an exhibition yesterday. ()2) The heavy rain prevented me from coming to school on time. ()3) How many dictionaries do you have? I have five. ()4) They helped the old with their housework yesterday. ()5) He pretended not to see me. ()6) I enjoy listening to popular music. ()7) I think (that) he is fit for his office. ()有些及物动词可以接两个宾语, 如: give, pass, bring, show等。

这两个宾语通常一个指人, 为间接宾语; 一个指物, 为直接宾语。

间接宾语一般位于直接宾语之前。

一般的顺序为: 主语+ 及物动词+ 间接宾语+ 直接宾语。

Eg: She gave me a cup of tea.有时, 间接宾语也可改为由介词to或for引起的短语, 放在直接宾语的后面。

Eg:1) She passed him the salt. = She passed the salt to him.2) Her uncle bought her an English – Chinese dictionary yesterday.此句型的句子的共同特点是: 动词虽然是及物动词, 但是只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的意思, 必须加上一个补充成分来补足宾语, 才能使意思完整。

Ex: 用横线划出下列句子中的宾语补足语并判断充当宾语补足语的词类1) His father named him Liu Ming. ()2) They painted their boat white. ()3) Let the fresh air in. ( )4) You mustn’t force him to lend his money to you. ()5) We saw her entering the room. ()6) We found everything in the lab in good order. ()注意:后跟名词作宾语补足语的动词有call, name, think, make, choose 等;后跟形容词作宾语补足语的谓语动词有keep, find, get, think, make 等;动词不定式作宾语补足语时, 当谓语动词为感官动词(如feel, see, hear, notice, watch, observe, listen to, look at 等), 使役动词(如let, have, make 等), 主动语态不定式省略to。

此句型的特点: 谓语动词都不能表达一个完整的意思, 必须加上一个表明主语身份或状态的表语构成复合谓语,才能表达完整的意思。

这类动词叫做系动词(Link Verb)。

系动词一般分为4类。

A. 状态系动词: beeg: He is a teacher.B. 感官系动词: look, sound, smell, taste, feeleg: The footballer players felt extremely lucky after they won the game.C. 变化系动词: become, grow, turn, get, goeg: He became mad after that.D. 持续系动词: keep, stay, remaineg: He always keeps silent at the meeting.除此之外, 还有prove, turn out, appear, seem等。

【练一练】在空白处填上合适的系动词使句意完整。

1）Failure ______________the mother of success. 失败乃成功之母。

2）The flower ______________ pleasant. 这花闻起来很香。

3）I don’t ______________ well today. 今天我感觉不舒服。

4）Getting up early ______________ good to one’s health. 早起对健康有益。

5）I _______________ angry about it. 我对此十分生气。

6）_______________ careful of your health. 小心你的健康。