重新确定主语
• 直接把原文的主语当作译文的主语后， 译文有时难免显得生硬，句子结构显 得不平衡，或者上下文在语气上显得 不连贯,或者表达不符合英语习惯。
• 为保证译文逻辑通顺、行文流畅、语 言自然地道，行使与原文类似的功能， 需要重新选择、确定主语。
选择主语的几种办法
A 原文的定语成分 主语的再确定 原文的宾语成分
增补主语以及无主语句的翻译
• 汉语句子中主语隐含或无主语时常可见。 译成英文必须依照英语的要求，将主语增 补进来，或者另觅它途。
• 进行增补时首先要推敲语境，其次要考虑 英语语法习惯和行文的需要。
增补主语
• • • • 活到老，学到老。(too old to learn) One is never too old to learn. 苟富贵，勿相忘。 If any of us becomes rich and powerful one day，he must not forget about the others. • 没有必要把这件事再瞒着我。 • It is unnecessary to keep it from me anymore
译 文
• The world has probably never faced pollution threat as serious as destruction of the ozone layer and global warming. • Ozone depletion and global warming are probably the most serious pollution threat the world has ever faced. • People will cultivate good manners after they have enough to eat and wear. • Good manners are only possible when people’s basic needs are met.
• 2000年奥运会将在悉尼举行。 • Sidney will be the host city for the 2000 Olympic Games.
取原文的谓语成分：动词名词化，或者无主语
• 咋天他们表演得很成功。 • Their performance yesterday was very successful. • 必须特别强调我国某些政府官员贪污腐败的严重性。 • Emphasis must be placed on the seriousness of corruption and embezzlement among some officials in China.
宾语变主语：物称
• 。 • 他突然发现地毯上有个深色斑点。 • A dark stain on the carpet caught his eye. • 我没有注意到这个错误。 • The mistake escaped my notice.
取原文的状语成分：强调，描述状态
• 已经有数千人在持续了一年的内战中丧生。 • The civil war，which has been going on for a year， has claimed thousands of lives.
• 在历史上，由于长江不断改道，在武汉地区形成了众 多的湖泊。 • The constant change of the course of the Changjiang River in history helped form a great many lakes in the areas around Wuhan. • Because of the constant change of the course of the Changjiang River in history, there have formed a great many lakes in the areas around Wuhan. • Owning to the constant change of the course of the Yantza River, a great many lakes have come into being in the areas around Wuhuan.
练 习
• 在该国十个主要城市里，通货膨胀的势头越来 越猛。 • 也许有一天你会后悔没给自己留条后路。 • 不能不佩服他多年来埋头苦干的精神。 • 说不好明年政策会怎么变。 • 世界恐怕从未面临过象臭氧层破坏和温室效应 这么严重的污染威胁。 • 衣食足而后知礼仪。
译 文
• Inflation in the top ten cities of the country gained momentum. • The day may come when you will regret not having left yourself a way out. • He deserves admiration for keeping his nose to the grindstone for all these years. • There is no telling how the policy will change next year.
例句
• 如果说，词汇是语言的“建筑材料”，那么 句子便是文章的“基本部件。 • If vocabulary is the “building materials” for language, sentences are the “fundamental parts” of writings. 人有失错,马有漏蹄(tumble). As a horse may tumble, a man may make mistakes. 人不可貌相，海水不可斗(pint)量. As an ocean can not be measured by pints, a person can not be judged from his appearance .
汉英翻译教程
---主语也疯狂
主语的翻译
• • • • 汉语主语的特点 1. 主语重人称。 2. 多种词性充当主语。 3. 省略主语
确定主语的三种方法
1
以原句主语作译文主语
2
重新确定主语
3
增补主语
以原句主语作译文主语
• 如果汉语原文有明确的主语，而该主语由 名词或主格人称代词充当时，可以以原文 主语作为英译文的主语。
原文主语不变
• 我们的房子是一百多年前建造的。 • Our house was built over a hundred years ago. • 锅炉 (boilers) 及机动车辆 (vehicles) 排出的废气（ exhaust ）就会造成城 市空气污染。 • Exhaust from boilers and vehicles, unless properly treated, causes air pollution in cities.

句子作主语
• 健康不佳就无法有效工作。 • You cannot work efficiently if you are in poor health. • Poor health may cause one’s inefficiency at work.
综合练习 （选定主语，翻译句子）
• 语言不是随便可以学好的，非下苦功(painstaking effors)不可。 • Language is something difficult to learn well. To learn it well one has to study very hard. • It is not easy to learn a language well. Pains-taking efforts are necessary to master a language. • The mastery of language is not easy and requires painstaking effort. (Mao) • It's not so easy to learn a good language, which requires paintaking efforts.
B
C
原文的状语成分
D 原文的谓语成分
• 漂亮的女儿是妈妈的骄傲。 • The beauty of the daughter makes her mother very proud. • 漂亮的姑娘不愁嫁。 • A beautiful girl won't worry about getting married to anybody • 他的身材魁梧,生一副大长方脸,嘴巴阔大. • He was a giant of a man with a long square face and a wide mouth. • 他的鼻子被球打住了。 • He was hit by a ball on his nose.