“信” 准确，忠实原作； “达” 通达，顺畅； “雅” 文字优美，高雅。 例如： The importance of protecting ecological environment can not be overestimated in the economic development. 直译为：在经济发展中，保护生态环境的重要性不 能过分估计。 应译为：在经济发展中，保护生态环境的重要性无 论怎样估计也不过分。
作业： The end-products, i.e., alcohols and acids, from those reactions will enter the microorganism and be metabolized by oxidation reaction catalyzed by endoenzymes. Only through interaction between industry, scientists, and government regulators will true solutions be finally realized.
• 词序方面 定语的位置 domestic water free residual chlorine something important
生活污水 游离性余氯 重要的事情
a building project of water supply system 一个供水系统的建设项目 状语的位置 To increase precision, the machine tool must also provide rigid control of relative movement between the tool and work. 为了提高精度，机床还应严格地控制刀具与工件之间 的相对运动。
2.2.2 Contrast of Syntax (句法的对比) • 句子结构 英语简单句结构——汉语复合句结构 Considered from this point of view, the question will be of great importance. 如果从这点考虑，这个问题就十分重要。 （英语简单句——汉语偏正复合句的假设句） 英语复合句结构——汉语简单句结构 Water power stations are always built where there are very great falls. 水利发电站总是建在落差很大的地方。 （英语状语从句——汉语简单句）
Then comes the analysis (or computation) of water flow norm. 接下来进行用水定额分析（或计算）。 英语被动结构——汉语主动结构，反之亦然 Since airborne particles can be inhaled, surface predominance can result in high localized concentrations of chemical species at the point of particle deposition in the lung . 由于可以吸入空气中的颗粒，表面控制可以导致肺部颗粒 物沉积点化学物质局部浓度升高。
2.3.1 Selecting the Meaning of a Word(词义的选择) • 与词的语法特征有关 词性不同，词义有别 Like charges repel, unlike charges attract. 同性电荷相斥、异性电荷相吸。（like 是形容词） Things like air, water or metal are matter. 像空气、水和金属之类的东西都是物质。（ like 是介词） 名词单复数、可数与不可数引起词义改变 As a result of those economies, many of our most important new projects in other fields became possible. 由于采取了这些节约措施，我们在其他方面的许多最重 要的新工程才得以实施。 economy 单数 经济，经济制度；复数 节约措施
• 句序 时间顺序 One must inevitably touch upon the technical aspects when discussing the wastewater treat problems, and means of tacking it. 在讨论废水处理问题和解决办法时，必须会触及与 该问题有关的技术环节。 逻辑顺序 This time no one was killed or injured in the accident, for great attention was paid to safety. 由于安全问题受到重视，这次事故中无人身伤亡。
与汉语表达有关 This kind of wood works easily. 这种木材容易加工。 Statesmen have always worked for peace. 政治家们一直在为和平努力。 2.3.2 Extending the Meaning of a Word(词义的引申) • 词义转移 At present coal is the most common food of a stream plant. 目前，煤是蒸汽动力厂的最常用的能源。 • 词义具体化 There are many things that should be considered in any engineering planning decision. 在任何工程规划的决策中，有许多因素应当考虑。
词义抽象化
We have progressed a long way from the early days of a aerial surveys. 航空测量自从出现以来，已经有了很大的进展。 In order to get a large amount of water power, we need a large pressure and a large current。 为了大量的水力，我们需要高的水压和强的水流。
2.1.2 Process of Translation(翻译的过程)
阅读理解 为了语言连贯，有时把英语中定语译为汉语的主语。 The idea of obtaining potable water from wastewater is a psychologically difficult one for many people to accept. 译为：对许多人来说，从污水中获得饮用水是一种在 心理上难以接受的观念。 • 汉语表达 There are different elements in the nature. 译一：有许多不同的元素在自然界中。 译二：在自然界中有许多种不同的元素。 译三：自然界中有许多种不同的元素。 • 检查校核
2.2 Contrast between English and of Words and Phrases(词汇的对比) • 词义方面 词汇意义一一对应(已有通用译名的专有名词和术语) wastewater engineering——排水工程 surface water —— 地表水 英语词汇意义比汉语更广 material 比汉语“材料”意义更广，还有物质、剂、用具、 内容、素材、资料等词义。 英语词汇意义不及汉语广 road 不及汉语“道路”意义广；car专指轿车，不及汉语 “汽车”意义广。
英语词汇与相应汉语词汇部分对应，意义彼此不 能完全覆盖。 state 国家； book 书； do 做 • 词的搭配 reduce water consumption 减少用水量 reduce the temperature 降低温度 reduce to power 粉碎 reduce the hydraulic retention time 缩短水力停留时间 reduce the scale of construction 缩小工程规模 例：Two or more computers can also be operated together to improve performance or system reliability. 可同时操作两台及以上的计算机，以改善其性能 或提高系统的可靠性。
Enormous stretches of arable land in the central western region are still awaiting settlement. （settlement 抽象名词） 中西部地区还有大片耕地有待于垦拓。 • 与词的搭配有关
Thermal convection will not operated in zero gravity. 热对流在没有引力的情况下是不会产生的。 Transistors operate as control devices and amplifier. 晶体管起着控制器和放大器的作用。
• Unit 2 The translation of English for Special Purpose
– – – – – – – – Introduction Contrast between English and Chinese Selecting and Extending the Meaning of a Word Method of Changing the Syntactical Functions Methods of Adding and Omitting Translation of Special Sentence Pattern Translation of Long Sentence Translation about Quantity
2.4 Method of Changing the Syntactical Functions (词性的转换互译)