湖南科技大学大学翻译选修课教材英汉互译理论与实践A Practical Course of English-Chinese and Chinese-English Translation郭四春卢山编二零一零年五月内部资料湖南科技大学外国语学院绪论翻译是运用一种语言把另一种语言所表达的思维内容准确而完整地重新表达出来的语言活动。

语言是思维的外壳，人类的思维是由存在决定的，而客观存在是可以认识的，因此一种语言所表达的思维内容，用另一种语言重新表达出来也是完全可能的。

翻译是沟通各族人民的思想，促进政治、经济、文化、科学、技术交流的手段，也是进行各种外交活动所必需的。

翻译是学习外语的重要手段之一，也是探讨两种语言对应关系的一门学科。

翻译的理论与实践的关系是辩证的。

翻译实践是翻译理论的基础，又是检验翻译理论是否正确的标准。

科学的翻译理论是前人翻译实践经验的总结，掌握这种翻译理论，有助于我们进行翻译实践。

因此，我们既要重视翻译实践，又不能忽视必要的翻译理论。

翻译活动的范围很广，种类很多。

按其涉及到的语言来分，有本族语译成外语，外语译成本族语两种；按其工作方式来分，有口译和笔译两种；按其翻译材料来分，有科技材料的翻译，文学作品的翻译，政论作品的翻译，以及其他应用文的翻译；按其处理方式来翻译，又有全译，摘译和编译等。

为了适应社会的需要，本书在扼要介绍一些基本翻译理论的同时，着重研究和探讨英汉互译的方法和常用技巧。

Contents 目录Unit1导言部分1)定义、作用、简史2)与大学生的关系3) 本课程目的Unit 2英汉语比较1)英汉语言宏观对比2)文化差异Unit 3翻译技巧1)直译、意译的概念2)选词用字、增词法、省略法、重复、转换、词序调整、正反交替Unit 4被动语态1)英语被动语态的翻译方法2)汉语被动结构的翻译方法Unit 5难句翻译1)名词性从句的翻译2)定语从句的翻译3)状语从句的翻译4)其他长句的翻译Unit 6科技文体翻译1)英语科技词语的构成2)科技英语的句法特点3)科技英语的翻译方法Unit 7应用文体翻译1)合同与协议的翻译2)建议、报告与评论的翻译3)专利与商标的翻译4)版权文献、招标文献的翻译5)摘要、索引与文献目录的翻译6)申请表的翻译7)广告的翻译Unit 8非常规翻译1)译述2)编译3)摘译Unit 1 Introduction (导言部分)教学目标及基本要求1．翻译的定义、作用、简史2．翻译与大学生的关系3．本课程目的教学重点翻译的意义、作用、简史教学难点翻译与大学生的关系实用训练英译汉：Definition of Translation（翻译的定义）汉译英：西方翻译简史I．Definition of Translation（翻译的定义）Translation means the conversion of an expression from one language into another. To say it plainly, translation is an art to reproduce the exact idea of the author by means of a language different from the original.From the above definition of translation we know that the original thought of the expression must be kept as far as possible. Nothing should be added to or taken away from the original work. The duty of the translator is simply to change the vocabulary, not the thought. In translation therefore, there are two essential elements：accuracy(准确性)and expressiveness(表达性).Accuracy is the first indispensable quality of translation. The translator must cautiously stick to the author’s idea. Words selected and sentences constructed must be such as to convey the exact original thought.Expressiveness is to make the translation readily understood.In other words, the translator must express his author’s idea as clearly and as forcibly as he can by the medium he employs. Accuracy is to make the thought definite and exact; while expressiveness is to make the translation vivid and attractive.（P264《英汉互译实践与技巧》许建平）II．Role of Translation（翻译的作用）What is the object of studying foreign languages?…A foreign language is now to be studied, not to serve the foreigners, but to serve our own people, not for the sake of foreigners, but for the benefit of ourselves. Translation is the very course for foreign language students to study. It gives them a better understanding of the two languages.Now,…the people of all nationalities throughout the country are determined to raisethe scientific and cultural level of the entire Chinese nation. We must strengthen scientific and technical cooperation and academic exchanges with other countries. It would not be practical for each of us to pick up one or two foreign languages in brief space of time, hence a great need for translation. (P25-27《英汉互译实用教程》郭著章)III．A Brief History of Translation in China(中国翻译简史) Translation in China has a long history of about two thousand years. During the centuries, quite a number of world-famous translators in China appeared one after another and they made great contributions to China as well as to the world in the development of translation.See the following facts:1. The Eastern Han-The Northern and Southern Dynasties (东汉南北朝）(25-581)China invited foreigners or the foreigners came to China by themselves to translate Buddhist Scripture. Among them were An Shih-ko (An-ching)（安世高）from Persia (now Iran), Indu Dharmarakcha （竺法护）and Kumarajiva（鸠摩罗什）from India.2. The Sui Dynasty(581-618)-The Tang Dynasty(618-907)（隋唐时期）: Golden Ageof Translation in Ancient China.Three giants in translating Buddhist Scripture appeared:1)Xuan Zang (Tang Dynasty) 玄奘2) Kumarajiva (Eastern Jin Dynasty) 鸠摩罗什3) Paramartha（also called Gunarata）（N.＆S. Dynasties）真谛（波罗末他）3. The Ming Dynasty (1368-1644)（明朝）Xu Guangqi, a Chinese and M. Ricci（利玛窦）, an Italian were co-translators of Euclid’s Elements（欧几里德的《几何原本》）(or Euclidis Elementorum)4. The Qing Dynasty (1644-1911)（清朝）There were great translators like Yan Fu and Lin Shu.Lin Shu:1）Camille (or: La Dame aux Camelias)（《茶花女》）2）Uncle Tom’s Cabin3）David Copperfield……Yan Fu:1）Evolution and Ethics and Other Essays（《天演论》）by T. H. Huxley2）An Inquiry Into the Nature and Cause of the Wealth of Nations by A. Smith （《原富》）3）On Liberty（《群己权界论》）by J. S. Mill4） A History of Politics（《社会通诠》）by E. JenksIV．翻译与大学生的关系1. 必要性2003年,由教育部考试中心和北京外国语大学联合举办的“全国外语翻译证书考试”(NAETI)已在全国推出。