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英汉对比研究

Unit 4 A Contrast between E. and C. (1)
—— Rigidity vs. Suppleness: Subject
课题练习:问答题
(1) 形合与意合之间的差异是什么?举例说明。 (2) 为什么英语有那么多的被动句? (3) 长句和短句与形合和意合有关系吗?如果 有,是什么? (4) 什么是前重心?什么是后重心?理解这一 点对我们的写作和翻译有什么启示意义? (5) 解释英语介词短语和形合之间的关系。

English sentences can be summarized as these five patterns or their variants (变式), expansion (扩展), combination (组合), omission (省略), or inversion (倒装). (1) Variants: interrogative, negative, and passive; “There be + subject”. (2) Expansion: adding modifiers, including words, phrases, and clauses; using phrases or clauses instead of words as the members of the basic patterns.
Chinese, however, is relatively free from the government of S-V concord and formal markers. The subject-predicate structure is usually varied, flexible, and therefore complicated and supple. The suppleness of the Chinese language also manifests itself in the “run-on” sentence (流水句) ,which is composed of the “full sentence” and the “minor sentence” (小句). A full sentence has a subjectpredicate structure, while a minor sentence has only a word(s) or phrase(s).
2. 汉语主语的英译
• 在很多情况下,汉语施动者往往难以确定。因此 汉译英时,必须首先理清汉语句子成分之间的关 系,找准合适的主语,然后进行相应的调整或增 补,目的就是为了使译文连贯流畅,增加可读性。
(1) 文章翻译完了。
(受事主语) • The article has been translated. (地点主语) (2) 全市到处都在建新厂。
• 王力 (1984): “就句子的结构而论,西洋语言是法治 的,中国语言是人治的”。所谓 “法治”,即句子 的形式严格受到语法的制约,如句子必须有主语和 谓语动词,及物动词必须有宾语,这些“不管用得 着用不着,总要呆板地求句子形式的一律”。
• 所谓 “人治”,即句子不太受形式的约束,可以因 表意的需要而加以变通,词语的分合伸缩比较灵活, “用得着就用,用不着就不用”,只要双方意思明 白,就可以了。 • 英语有综合语的特征,受形态的约束,因而 “语法 是硬的,没有弹性”;汉语是分析语,不受形态的 约束,因而 “语法是软的,富于弹性”。
• This rigid S-V concord (主谓协调一 致) forms the kernel of a sentence, with the predicate verb controlling other main members. English sentences, however long and complicated, can be reduced to five basic patterns:SV, SVP, SVO, SVoO, and SVOC:
(3)a. 房子盖在西区。 (受事主语) • The house was built in the western campus. (3)b. 西区盖了一栋房子。 (地点主语) The house was built in the western campus. (3)c. 去年又盖了一栋房子。 (时间主语) • Another house was built last year. (3)d. 房子我们已经盖了一大半了。 (受事主语+施事主语) • We have finished a good part of the house.
A. SV (主语+动词) • The meeting has begun. B. SVP (主语+动词+表语) • We are students. C. SVO (语+动词+宾语) • The news surprised me. D. SVoO (主语+动词+间接宾语+直接宾语) • She sang us a song. E. SVOC (主语+动词+宾语+宾语补足语) • We elected him our monitor.
(6) 他有个女儿,在北京工作,已经打电话去 了,听说明天回来。 • ← 他有个女儿,( ) 在北京工作,( ) 已经打 电话去了,( ) 听说 ( ) 明天回来。(变换主 语并省略)
⑤ 时间主语:昨晚抓住了三个小偷。 • Three thieves were caught last night. ⑥ 地点主语:公共汽车上抓住了三个小偷。 • Three thieves were caught on the bus. ⑦ 工具主语:一把菜刀闹革命。 • He began revolutionary career with a chopping knife. ⑧ 方式主语:这么快就盖好了一座房子。 • The house was built at admirable speed. ⑨ 存现主语:处处有热心人。 • There are warm-hearted people everywhere. ⑩ 关系主语:这件事请保密。 • Please keep quiet about this.
Rigid vs. Supple (刚性与柔性)
• English sentence structure is composed of noun phrase (s) and verb phrase (s). It has become an invariable rule to have a subject before a verb, and therefore a sentence that does not contain a subject and a verb is felt to be incomplete. The subject (s) must agree with the predicate verb (V) in person and number, etc.
④ 主题主语:The book is very interesting.
• 其中①和②是真正语义上的句子,③是形式上的句 子,④也是意义上的句子,凡是不适宜前三种句式 里的,就放在这里。由于判断句既不是施事,又不 是受事,所以都定为主题句。 • 从语义上来看,汉语主语至少分为十种: ① 施事主语:警察抓住了小偷。 • The police caught a thief. ② 受事主语:三个小偷都抓住了。 • All three thieves were caught. ③ 零位主语 (无主语句):( ) 下雨了;( ) 刮风了。 • It is raining. The wind is blowing. ④ 主题主语:老虎是一种动物。 • A tiger is an animal.
• 英语的 “主语—谓语型” 结构,分为四个句式:
① 施事主语:We caught a thief.
• 我们抓住了小偷。 handed. • • • 小偷当场抓住。 昨夜下得很大。 这本书很有趣。 ② 受事主语:The thief was caught red-
③ 形式主语:It rained heavily last night.
• “用小句而不用句子做基本单位,较能适应汉 语的情况,因为汉语口语里特多流水句,一个 小句接一个小句,很多地方可断可连”。 • The rigidity of the English language generally requires a complete sentence structure, S-V concord, and formal cohesion (形式接应), while the suppleness of Chinese enjoys flexibility of sentence structure and pays more attention to semantic coherence (意念接所以视其为主语,就是
因为它们处在主语的位置上。从英语的对
译来看,⑤到⑩这六种主语在英语中都是
状语。从深层次上看,汉语主语的认定缺
少英语那种主谓一致的形态标准,确定主
语只有两种办法:一是凭意义,二是凭词
序。例如:
◆ 雨是最寻常的,一下就是三两天。可别恼, 看,象花针,象细丝,密密地斜织着,屋 顶上全笼着一层薄烟。(朱自清《春》) ← 雨是最寻常的,(它指 “雨”)一下就 是三两天。(不过)(你)可别恼,(你 试向外边)看,(它)(正在下着),象 花针,(也)象细丝,(它)(那么)密 密地斜织着,(以至于人家的)屋顶上全 笼着一层薄烟。 (朱自清《春》)
(4) 现在正下着毛毛雨。
(时间主语)
• It’s drizzling at the moment. (5) 那个学生瞄了我一下,眼里突然放出光,问: “下棋吗?” 倒吓了我一跳,()急忙摆手说: “不会!”
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