第七章 电化学计算题1.在温度为18 ℃条件下,将浓度为0.1 mol·dm −3的NaCl 溶液注入直径为2 cm 的直立管中,管中置相距20 cm 的两电极,两极间的电位差为50 V ,巳知Na + 与Cl − 的电迁移率分别为3.73 × 10−8与5.87 × 10−8 m 2·V −1·s −1。
求:(1) 30分钟内通过管中间截面的两种离子的摩尔数;(2) Na +、Cl −两种离子的迁移数;(3)两种离子所迁移的电量。
(1)(2)(3)2.浓度为0.001 mol·dm −3的Na 2SO 4溶液,其κ = 2.6 × 10−2 S·m −1,此溶液中Na +的摩尔电导Λ(Na +) = 50 × 10−4 S·m 2·mol −1。
求:(1) 计算−24SO 21的摩尔电导; (2) 如果此0.001 mol·dm −3的Na 2SO 4溶液被CuSO 4所饱和,则电导率增加到7.0 × 10−2 S·m −1,并巳知1/2Cu 2+的摩电导为60 × 10−4 S·m 2·mol −1,计算CuSO 4的溶度积常数 。
解:(1) 1/2Na 2SO 4的浓度为 c N = 0.002 mol·dm −3Λ = κ/1000 c N = 2.6×10−2/(1000×0.002) S·m 2·mol −1 = 130 × 10−4 S·m 2·mol −1 Λ(1/2SO 42−) = Λ -Λ(Na +) = (130 - 50) × 10−4 S·m 2·mol −1= 80 × 10−4 S·m 2·mol −1(2) κ' = κ(总) - κ = (7.0 - 2.6) × 10−2 S·m −1= 4.4 × 10−2 S·m −1Λ' =Λ(1/2Cu 2+) + Λ(1/2SO 42−) = (60 + 80) × 10−4 S·m 2·mol −1= 140 × 10−4 S·m 2·mol −1m/s 10 253.9m/s 20.0501073.368−−++×=××=⋅=dl dE u v m/s 10 675.14m/s 20.0501087.568−−×=××=⋅=dl dE u v --C 59.1309650010)29.827.5()(4=××+=+=−−+F n n Q C 84.50C 95.1303885.0=×==+Q t Q +C01.80C 95.1306115.0=×==−Q t Q -mol 1027.5mol 101.0180010325.9)01.0(πtc πr 43622−−++×=××××××==v n mol1029.8mol 101.0180010675.14)01.0(πtc πr 43622−−−−×=××××××==v n 6115.03885.011 ,3885.087.573.373.3=−=−==+=+=+−−+++t t u u u tc N = κ'/1000Λ' = 4.4 × 10−2/(1000 × 140 × 10−4) = 3.143 × 10−3 mol·dm −3c = 1/2c N = 1.5715× 10−3 mol·dm −3[Cu 2+] = 1.5715 × 10−3 mol·dm −3,[SO 42−] = 1.571510−3 + 0.001 = 2.5715 × 10−3 mol·dm −3所以:K sp = [Cu 2+]·[SO 42−] = 4.041 × 10−6 mol 2 dm −63.25 ℃的纯水中溶解了CO 2,达平衡时水中CO 2的浓度即H 2CO 3的浓度为c 0,若c 0 = 1.695×10−5 mol·dm −3,只考虑H 2CO 3的一级电离,且忽略水的电导率,试粗略估算此水溶液的电导率。
已知25℃ H 2CO 3的一级电离常数K = 4.27 × 10−7,且Λ∞m (H +) = 349.8 × 10−4 S·m 2·mol −1,Λ∞m (HCO 3−) = 44.5 × 10−4 S·m 2·mol −1。
解: H 2CO 3的一级电离平衡:H 2CO 3 Æ H + + HCO 3−平衡时浓度:c 0 - c (H +) c (H +) c (H +)K = c 2(H +)/[c 0 - c 2(H +)] ≈ c 2(H +)/c 0所以:c (H +) = (Kc 0)1/2 = (4.27 × 10-7 × 1.695 × 10−5)1/2=2.69 × 10−6 mol·dm −3= 2.69 × 10−3 mol·m −3Λ∞m (H 2CO 3) = Λ∞m (H +) + Λ∞m (HCO 3−) = 0.03943 S·m 2·mol −1则所求电导率为κ = Λ∞m (H 2CO 3) × c (H +) = 1.06 × 10−4 S·m −1理论计算纯水的电导率应为5.5 × 10−6 S·m −1,但由于CO 2的溶入,使得水的电导率上升一个多数量级。
4.电池 Pt,H 2( p )|HBr(a = 1)|AgBr(s),Ag 的E 与温度T 的关系式为:E = 0.07150 - 4.186 × 10−7T (T - 298) 。
(1) 写出电极反应与电池反应;(2) 求T = 298 K 时正极E 与AgBr 的K sp ,巳知E (Ag +/Ag) = 0.7991 V ;(3) 求T = 298 K 电池反应的平衡常数(可逆放电2F );(4) 此电池在298K 下可逆放电2F 时,放热还是吸热?是多少?解:(1) 负极:H 2(g) - 2e Æ 2H +;正极:2AgBr(s) + 2e Æ 2Ag(s) + 2Br −电池反应:H 2(g) + 2AgBr(s) Æ 2Ag(s) + 2HBr (a = 1) oo(2) T = 298 K 时,E = 0.07150 VE (正) =E (AgBr/Ag) = E - E (H +/H 2) = E = 0.07150 V∵E (AgBr/Ag) =Ε +/Ag) + 0.05915lg K sp即: 0.07150 = 0.7991 + 0.05915lg K sp∴ K sp = 5.0 × 10−13 mol 2/m −6 (3) ∆G = -RT ln K = -nFE ln K = nFE /RT = 2 × 96500 × 0.07150/(8.314 × 298) = 5.5640,所以 K = 2.62 × 102(4) (∂E /∂T )p = -4.186 × 10−7× 2T + 4.186 × 10−7 × 298= -8.372 × 10−7T + 124.76 × 10−6T = 298 K 时,(∂E /∂T )p = -124.76 × 10−6 < 0,放热Q r = nFT (∂E /∂T )p = 2 × 96500 × 298 × (-124.76 × 10−6) J = - 7175 J5.对于电池:Pt,Cl 2(0.5p )|HCl(0.1m )|AgCl(s),Ag ,巳知m f H ∆(AgCl) = -127.035 kJ·mol −1,m S (Ag) = 42.702 J·K −1·mol −1,m S (AgCl) = 96.106 J·K −1·mol −1,m S (Cl 2) = 222.94 J·K −1·mol −1。
求:(1) T = 298K 时电池电动势 ;(2) 与环境交换的热;(3) 电池电动势的温度系数;(4) AgCl(s)的分解压力。
解:(1) 阳极: Cl − (0.1m )–e Æ 1/2Cl 2(g,0.5p )阴极: AgCl(s) + e Æ Ag(s) + Cl −(0.1m )电池反应:AgCl(s) ÆAg(s) + 1/2Cl 2(g ,0.5p )所以有:E = E - 0.05915lg(p (Cl 2)/p )1/2,而E 可由∆G 来计算m H ∆= 1/2m f H ∆(Cl 2) + m f H ∆(Ag) - m f H ∆(AgCl) = 127.025 kJ·mol −1m S ∆= 1/2 × 222.949 + 42.702 - 96.106 = 58.07 J·K −1·mol −1m G ∆=m H ∆ - T m S ∆ = 127.025 × 103 - 298 × 58.07 = 109730 J·mol −1 E = -m G ∆/nF = -109730/96500 = -1.137 VE = E - 0.05915lg0.51/2 = -1.131 V o o o o o(2) AgCl(s)─m S ∆→Ag(s) + 1/2Cl 2(p )─∆S 2→ 1/2Cl 2(0.5p ) + Ag(s)所以:∆S m = m S ∆ +∆S 2 = 58.07 + nR ln(p 1/p 2)= 58.07 + 0.5 × 8.314 × ln(1/0.5) J·K −1·mol −1= 60.95 J·K −1·mol −1Q R = T ∆S m = 298 × 60.95 = 18163 J = 18.163 kJ(3) (∂E /∂T )p = ∆S m /nF = 60.95/96500 = 6.316 × 10−4 V·K −1(4) AgCl(s) = Ag(s) + 1/2Cl 2(g)m G ∆= -RT ln K =-RT ln[p (Cl 2,eq)/p ]1/2 = 1/2RT ln[p (Cl 2,eq)/p ] ∴ ln[p (Cl 2,eq)/p ] = -2m G ∆/RT = -2 × 109730/(8.314 × 298) = -88.5787p (Cl 2) = 3.4 × 10−39p = 344.505 × 10−39 kPa6.电池 Zn(s)|ZnCl 2(m = 0.01021)|AgCl,Ag 在298 K 时电动势为1.1566 V ,计算ZnCl 2溶液的平均活度系数。