如何记忆: 五性，创意遗传
4. Important Distinctions in Linguistics (语言学研究中几对重要的概念) 1) descriptive & prescriptive 2) synchronic & diachronic
3) langue & parole
4）Displacement（替代性）: 定义：Human languages enable their users to
symbolize something which are not present at the moment of communication.
5） Cultural Transmission（文化传递性）: 定义：language is passed on from generation to
Important Distinctions in Linguistics
1)Arbitrariness（任意性） 2)Duality(二层性) 3)Creativity/Productivity(创造性) 4)Displacement（移位性） 5)Cultural Transmission(文化传递性)
1）Arbitrariness(任意性): 定义：the forms of linguistic signs bear no
4) competence & performance
1) Descriptive （描述性） vs. Prescriptive （规定性）
Descriptive: describing how things are.
prescriptive: prescribing how things ought to be
natural relationship to their meaning.
举例： 书, book, livre 喜欢，like，aimer
2）Duality（二层性）: 定义：the property of having two levels of
structures, such that units of the primary level are composed of elements of the secondary level.
2). Synchronic（共时性） vs. Diachronic （历 时性）
synchronic: takes a fixed instant as its point of observation.
diachronic: the study of a language through the course of its history.
generation through teaching and learning rather than instinct. 反例：印度狼孩
3. Design feature 定义特征
1)Arbitrariness（任意性） 2)Duality(二层性) 3)Creativity/Productivity(创造性) 4)Displacement（移位性） 5)Cultural Transmission(文化传递性)
3). langue（语言） & parole （言语） Theorist：Saussure（索绪尔）, father of
modern linguistics langue: abstract linguistic system parole: actual realization of langue
meanings because of its duality
举例1：/k/ ,/a:/, /p/---- carp or park 举例2：England, defeated, France England defeated France. France defeated England.
Impotics
举例：
Don't say X. People don't say X. The first is a prescriptive command, while the
second is a descriptive statement.
举例： Sounds > syllables > words > phrases > clauses > sentences> texts/discourses
3） Creativity/Productivity（创造性）: 定义：Language can be used to create new
1. design feature of language（语言的定义特征)
defining properties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication
1. design feature of language 语言定义特征
语言学知识点
I 语言学导论 II 语言学主要分支学科 III 语言学的流派和理论
I 语言学导论
1. design feature of language （语言的定义特征）
2. Language Families (世界语言分类) 3. important distinctions in linguistics (语言学研究中几对重要的概念) 4. scope of linguistics (语言学的研究范围)
举例： 研究1800年的英语发音 Synchronic studies (共时性研究)
研究1800-1900的法语语法变化 Diachronic studies (历时研究)
2. 世界语言分类
2. 世界语言分类
Important Distinctions in Linguistics