语体色彩•语体色彩指文体色彩。
文体有正式和非正式之分，有文学性和非文学性之分、有口头语和书面语之分。
口头语言通俗易懂，生动活泼；书面语言较为正式，讲究分寸。
词语的语体色彩主要体现在其正式程度上；有些专用词只适用于某一类文体。
如果翻译表达时不注意，就会使人觉得不协调。
die 死pass away (formal, euphemistic)过世、去世depart (formal, euphemistic)离开、离去decease (non-affective)死亡be gone (spoken)不在了、走了cease to be (poetry) 生命已逝kick the bucket (slang) 伸腿了、翘辫子了、死翘翘Literay and non-literary translation51) A plain man of the people, and extraordinary fortune attended him. He offered no shining qualities at the first encounter; he did not offend by superiority. He had a face and manner which disarmed suspicion, which inspired confidence, which confirmed good will. He was a man without vices. He had a strong sense of duty, which it was very easy for him to obey. Then, he had what farmers call a long head; was excellent in working out the sum for himself; in arguing his case and convincing you fairly and firmly.[参考译文]他是一位平凡的人，但生逢其时（但有不平凡的际遇）。
初次见面，人们看不出他有什么才华。
他不会以优越惹人不快（盛气凌人）。
他的容貌与举止消除（人们对他的）猜疑，激发（人们对他的）信心，而且肯定他的善意。
他是一位行为端正的人。
他具有强烈的责任感，（尽忠职守），对他来说易如反掌。
他有着农夫们所谓的“长头”（即深具远见），擅长于找出问题的症结，他辩才无碍，使人们对他的论点坚信不疑。
52) It is the thing he cannot bear to lose, it is the thing whose passing he watches with infinite sorrow and regret, it is the thing whose loss he must lament forever, and it is the thing whose loss he really welcomes with a sad and secret joy, the thing he would never willingly relive again, could it be restored to him by any magic.谁都想让青春永驻，眼睁睁地看着青春流逝，心中都会涌起无数的忧伤和追悔，都会充满难以排遣的哀怨都会悲喜交集。
即便有奇迹出现，令青春回头，谁也不会去重温那蹉跎岁月。
53) The employer may require the Contractor to replace forthwith any of its authorized representatives who is incompletent.54) The current US incarnation of the overseas end of the former Bell Telephone Corp. has returned to China, joining Japanese and German companies in major high-technology telecommunications manufacturing.53)雇方可要求承包商立即更换其不合格的授权代表。
54) 昔日美国贝尔电话公司的海外业务部，如今重整旗鼓再返中国，代表美国与日本和德国的公司一起从事主要高新技术电信设备的制造。
文化语境/宏观语境和翻译选词context of culture and dictionas strong as a horse as silent as a fish Neither fish nor fowl as poor as a church mouseMan proposes, God disposes. The devil lurks behind the cross.壮得像头牛噤若寒蝉非驴非马一贫如洗谋事在人，成事在天。
口蜜腹剑55) The teenagers don’t invite Bob to their parties because he is a wet blanket.56) “You chicken! ” He cried, looking at Tom with contempt. 57) They threw him into the lions.58) The stork visited the Browns last night.55) 少年们不邀请鲍勃参加聚会，因为他是一个令人扫兴的人。
56) “你这个胆小鬼！”他轻蔑地看着汤姆嚷道。
57) 他们把他推入虎口。
58) 布朗家昨夜添了个孩子。
.查词典是判断词义的重要手段，然而自有其限制性。
字典中的释义往往是词汇的静态意义，而词汇在使用中却因为具体的语境而具有动态的意义。
单单抱住基本字典是不足以应付翻译中出现的词汇理解问题。
因此，要准确把握词义，需要深入了解单词所处的语境Techniques for lexical translationCorrespondence translation 对等法Cut in a joke Speak one’s mind At one’s fingertips Fish in the troubled water In deep waterTurn up one’s nose at…Skin and bones Touch and go插科打诨畅所欲言了如指掌浑水摸鱼水深火热嗤之以鼻皮包骨头一触即发谚语(idiom)和成语(proverb)在汉英两种语言中的对等大是从比喻意义、比喻形式和感情色彩三方面体现出来的。
其中比喻意义是最重要的，是翻译中必须做到的，感情色彩的对等几乎同等重要，不可忽视。
在保证这两方面的基础上，再考虑比喻形式的对等。
58) Unless you’ve got an ace up your sleeve, we are dished. 59) He went through fire and flood to save his mother.60) You have a lucky star above you. 61) She is now between the devil and the deep sea on this matter.62) He is reaping what he has sown. 63) She is an easy-going woman. She always throw her cares to the winds.58) 除非你有锦囊妙计，否则我们是输定了。
59) 他赴汤蹈火去救他的母亲。
60) 你真是福星高照。
61) 她在这个问题上真是进退维谷。
62) 他这是咎由自取。
63) 她是个大大咧咧的女人，总是把忧愁抛到九霄云外。
Specification 具体译法所谓具体译法，就是在翻译过程中把抽象的或者是比较抽象的单词、词组、成语用具体或者比较具体的单词、词组、成语来进行翻译，从而消除或降低语言差别给翻译带来的损失，使译文产生和原文同样的效果。
transportation 运输运输工具advertisement 广告广告资料propaganda 宣传宣传机关translation 翻译翻译作品government 政府政府官员family 家庭家庭成员press 出版出版物；报纸；杂志；出版社do evil things openly 毫不隐蔽地干坏事明火执仗be full of anxiety and worry 十分挂念牵肠挂肚have not cut off relations completely没有彻底断绝关系藕断丝连64) We should by no means neglect the evaporation of water. 65) All the people were exasperated by his fault-finding.66) No one is satisfied with his favoritism in his work.67) His arrogance sent his into isolation and helplessness.68) Her jealousy is the cause of her failure.69) The pharmacologists are making a careful study of the alergy of the medicine.70) All the irregularities of the students in that university resulted in punishment.64) 我们决不能忽视水的蒸发作用。
65) 大家被他那种吹毛求疵的做法激怒了。
66) 对他在工作中表现出来的徇私作风谁都感到不满意。
67) 他的傲慢态度使他孤立无援。
68) 她的嫉妒心理是她失败的根源。
69) 药理学家们正在认真研究这种药的过敏反应。
70) 那所大学里的学生任何越轨行为都受到了惩罚。
Abstraction/Generalization 抽象译法为了译文的忠实与通顺，有必要把原文中带有具体意义或具体形象的单词、词组或者成语进行抽象化处理。
这种翻译方法我们称之为抽象法。
make fish of one and flesh of another lick someone’s boots keep something under one’s hatbe in someone’s pocket put one’s cards on the table Get the green light Turn thumbs down on something厚此薄彼巴结保密被某人操纵表明观点得到许可反对71) I was practically on my knees but he still refused. 72) He is a rolling stone. I don’t think he can go far.73) I’ll break my neck to get this done by Friday, but I can’t promise for sure.74) He earns scarcely enough to keep body and sould together. 75) Please don’t wake a sleeping dog.71) 我几乎是苦苦哀求，但他依然拒绝。