Lesson91Most Americans remember Mark Twain as the father of Huck Finn’s idyllic cruise through eternal boyhood and Tom Sawyer’s endless summer of freedom and adventure.—metaphor ,hyperbole, parallelism2I found another Twain as well—one who grew cynical, bitter, saddened by the profound personal tragedies life dealt him,a man who became obsessed with the frailties of the human race, who was clearly ahead a black wall of night.—metaphor3The cast of characters set before him in his new profession was rich and varied—a cosmos.—alliteration, metaphor4He went west by stagecoach and succumbed to the epidemic of gold and silver fever in Nevada’s Washoe region. simile5For eight months he flirted with the colossal wealth available to the lucky and the persistent, and was rebuffed.—extended metaphor6―It was a splendid population—for all the slow, sleepy, sluggish-brained sloths stayed at home..—alliteration7The grave world smiles as usual, and says…--personification8..one could set a trap anywhere and catch a dozen abler men in a night‖ Casually he debunkedrevered artists and art treasures, and took unholy verbal shots at the Holy Land.—antithesis exaggeration9Tom’s mischievous daring, ingenuity, and the sweet innocence of his affection for Becky Thatcher are almost as sure to be studied in American schools today as is the Declaration of Independence. –elliptical sentence10Bitterness fed on the man who had made the world lauth.—personificationLesson101The Trial That Rocked the World—hyperbole2Seated in court, ready to testify on my behalf, were a dozen distinguished professors and scientists, led by Professor Kirtley Mather of Harvard University.—periodic sentence3―Don’t worry, son, we’ll show them a few tricks,‖Darrow had whispered throwing a reassuring arm round my shoulder as we were waiting for the court to open.—t ransferred epithet4After a while, it is the setting of man against man and creed against creed until we are marching backwards to the glorious age of the sixteenth century when bigots lighted faggots to burn the men who dared to bring any intelligence and enlightenment and Culture to the human mind.—irony5One shop announced: DARWIN IS RIGHT—INSIDE.—pun6Dudley Field Malone called my conviction a ―victorious defeat.‖—oxymoron7The oratorical storm that Clarence Darrow and Dudley Field Malone blew up in the little cout in Dayton swept like a fresh wind through the schools and legislative of fices of the United States, bringing in its wake a new climate of intellectual and academic freedom that has grown with the passing years.—extended metaphor―Why don’t you take one or two of the others?‖ I asked. rhetorical question)Metaphor:Mark Twain --- Mirror of Americasaw clearly ahead a black wall of night...main artery of transportation in the young nation's heartthe vast basin drained three-quarters of the settled United StatesAll would resurface in his books...that he soaked up...Steamboat decks teemed...main current of...but its flotsamWhen railroads began drying up the demand......the epidemic of gold and silver fever...Twain began digging his way to regional fame...Mark Twain honed and experimented with his new writing muscles......took unholy verbal shots...Simile:Most American remember M. T. as the father of......a memory that seemed phonographicHyperbole:..cruise through eternal boyhood and ...endless summer of freedom...The cast of characters... - a cosmos.Parallelism:Most Americans remember ... the father of Huck Finn's idyllic cruise through eternal boyhood and Tom Sawyer's endless summer of freedom and adventure.Personification:life dealt him profound personal tragedies...the river had acquainted him with ......to literature's enduring gratitude......an entry that will determine his course forever...the grave world smiles as usual...Bitterness fed on the man...America laughed with him.Personal tragedy haunted his entire life.Antithesis:...between what people claim to be and what they really are.....took unholy verbal shots at the Holy Land......a world which will lament them a day and forget them foreverEuphemism:..men's final release from earthly struggleAlliteration:...the slow, sleepy, sluggish-brained sloths stayed at home.with a dash and daring...a recklessness of cost or consequences...Metonymy:..his pen would prove mightier than his pickaxeSynecdocheKeelboats,...carried the first major commerceUnit 9 Mark Twain—Mirror of AmericaV. Rhetorical devices1. Simile: Please refer to Lesson2.e.g. 1) Indeed, this nation’s best-loved author was every bit as adventurous, patriotic, romantic,and humorous as anyone has ever imagined. (Para. 1)2) Tom’s mischievous daring, ingenuity, and the sweet innocence of his affection forBecky Thatcher are almost as sure to be studied in American schools today as is theDeclaration of Independence. (Para. 15)2. Metaphore.g. 1) …who saw clearly ahead a black wall of night. (Para. 1)2) …main artery of transportation in the young nation’s heart. (Para. 3)3. Sarcasm: it is a figure of speech which attacks in a taunting and bitter manner, and its aim is todisparage, ridicule and wound the feelings of the subject attacked. It is most oftenrestricted to the making of brief, unpleasant remarks that are motivated by hostility andcontempt.e.g. 1)…I knew more about retreating than the man that invented retreating. (Para. 6)2) …one could set a trap anywhere and catch a dozen abler man in a night. (Para. 13)4. Alliteration: please refer to Lesson 1.e.g. It was a splendid population –for all the slow, sleepy, sluggish-brained sloths stayed athome.It was that population…and rushing them through with a magnificent dash and daring anda recklessness of cost or consequences‖5. Antithesis: please refer to Lesson 1.e.g. 1)…of the difference between what people claim to be and what they really are. (Para. 5)2)…a world which will lament them a day and forget them forever.6. euphemisme.g. 1) He tried soldiering for two weeks with a motley band of Confiderate guerrillas whodiligently avoided contact with the enemy.2) he commented with a crushing sense of despair on man’s final release from earthlystruggles7. metonymye.g. …but for making money, his pen would prove mightier than his pickax.Unit 10 The Trial that Rocked the WorldVII: Rhetorical devices1. Metaphor:No one,... that may case would snowball into......our town ...had taken on a circus atmosphere.The street ...sprouted with ...He thundered in his sonorous organ tones....champion had not scorched the infidels...…after the preliminary sparring over legalities…2. Simile:...swept the arena like a prairie fire...a palm fan like a sword...3. Metonymy...tomorrow the magazines, the books, the newspapers...The Christian believes that man came from above. ...below.4. Hyperbole:The trial that rocked the worldHis reputation as an authority on Scripture is recognized throughout the world.5. Ridicule:Bryan, ageing and paunchy, was assisted ...Bryan mopped his bald dome in silence.6. Sarcasm:There is some doubt about that.And it is a mighty strong combination.7. Transferred epithetDarrow had whisper throwing a reassuring arm round my shoulder.8. AntithesisThe Christian believes that man came from above. The evolutionist believes that he must have come from below.9. Assonance:when bigots lighted faggots to burn...10. Repetition:The truth always wins...the truth...the truth...11. synecdoche1) the case had erupted round my head12. oxymoron (矛盾修饰法)Dudley Field Malene called my conviction a , “victorious defeat”Unit 11 What’s a Dictionary For?IV. Rhetorical devices1. Personification:The storm...that greeted...An article in the Atlantic viewed it as a disappointment...The Yew York Times, ...felt itThe Journal ...saw...2. Alliteration:...very little light on Lincoln...on Life3. Sarcasm:a concept of how things get written that throws very little light on Lincoln but a great deal on Life...."so simple" a thing that the writer takes plain, downright, man-in-the-street attitude that a door is a door and any damn fool knows that.4. Assonance:The difference between the much-touted ... and the much clouted ...5. Synecdoche:But neither his vanity nor his purse is ...(metonymy)What of those sheets and jets of air that are now being used, in place of old-fashioned oak and hinges...6. MetonymyThe Washington Post, ..."keep Your Old Webster's"in short, ...written in the language that the 3rd International describes......very little light on Lincoln...on Life7. Zeugma:a figure of speech in which a word applies to two others in different senses (e.g. John and his driving licence expired last week) or to two others of which it semantically suits only one (e.g. with weeping eyes and hearts). Compare with syllepsis.(语)轭式搭配法（一种修辞手段，指将一个动词与两个不同的名词或代词等搭配使同一个动词具有不同意义，如在John and his driving licence expired last week中的动词expired；或指将一个形容词与两个不同的名词搭配，在词义上该形容词虽仅适合于其中之一，但另一搭配可产生不同的联想意义，如在with weeping eyes and hearts中）。