A band of= a herd of=a flock of 一群A range of=an array of= a list of= a collection of=a series of= a set of一系列Accelerate=speed up加速Accomplishment=achievement 成就，完成Accomplish=achieve （V）完成，达成，成就Attend=participate in 参加Achieve=obtain=gain=access to sth 得到、获得Adapt to=integrate into使适应、融为一体Aim.n=objective=goal 目的Aim at=focus on=concentrate on=emphasize on 集中、强调An array of=a list of =a set of=a series of 一系列Attempt to do=try to do=intend to do尝试作，想要作Approximately=roughly=about=some=around 大约Appreciation=interest 欣赏As a result=consequently=as a consequence=hence因此、从而As well as=and和As well=too也Associate with=connect with=link with=relate to=involve in与……相关联Attach to=connect to=link to=serve与……相连接、附着在……上At will=at random＝by chance=by accident=accidentally随意地Automatically ensure=guarantee确保BBe similar to=closely resembled =have something in common 相似Be used to=be devoted to专门用于Be equivalent to=be equal to 等同于Be taken aback=be surprised 吃惊Briskly =rapidly=swiftly快速地CCalculate=measure 衡量Catch up with=keep pace with跟上步伐Chief=major=dominant=principle主要的Chronic=long term 慢性病的Complain=illness 病症Concern n. =focus关心的问题Concern v. =about 与……有关Concept =conception=notion=idea=understanding概念、理解Condition=regulate 调节Confront=encounter=in the face of面临Concern = care关心Consist of=comprise由什么组成Concur with sb=agree with sb 同意某人Contaminate=pollute=poison 污染Contend=assert=claim断言Contribute to=result in=lead to=link to=responsible for导致Cooperate with=work with 与……协作Convert to=turn into 转为、转变为Crop up=crop out=come up 出现DDegenerated=underdeveloped退化Distract from= can not concentrate 使精力分散Deadly=fateful 致命的Diminish=decrease=shrink 减少Distort reality=far from reality=dishonest不真实的Distinction=difference=nuance 不同之处Distinct=distinguish=different=unique不同的Distinct variety of =different kind of=separate kind of不同的Distinguish=tell辨别Due to=because of由于Drawback=defect=ill缺点EEat=feed 喂食，进食Endanger=threaten 威胁Engage in=participate in=join in 参与Establish=set up建立Establish=find out=figure out=work out查明Evolvement=development=progress发展、发育Emphasize=stress 强调（v）Embark upon=start=launch开始Enlighten=illuminate=instruct=educate启蒙、给予知识Entire=whole 全部Exceptional=extremely 特别（特别好）FFail to do=failure to do=can not do没有能够做Far from=not at all根本不Fault=flaw=defect错误Form=shape形成Foundation=basis基础Finance=sponsor=fund 提供赞助（金钱）Free=release=set free释放Frequently=often 经常GGreat milestone=impact=effect=influence对……具有很重要的影响力Grant=give授予Gas=petrol石油HHold=harbor=embrace拥有Halt=stop=hamper(v.) 阻止、使停滞Hurdle=barrier(n.) 阻碍IIdentical=the same一模一样Imitate=impersonate模仿Incline to do=tend to do倾向于做某事Indicate=show=suggest=signify=identify表明Identify=recognize鉴别In reaction to=respond to 对……起反应Interpret=illustrate解释Introduce to=import to引入KKey (a.)=important=significant=crucial=essential=play a vital/ an important part/role in重要的，关键的Key (n.)=approach=means=method=technique方法LLikelihood=possibility可能性Link-up=connection 联系MMaster=grasp 掌握Match sth to=assign sth to把……和……搭配起来Misconception=misunderstanding=mistaken view错误的理解Modify=change=alter修改、改变Manifestation=demonstration 显示、表明NNature=character=characteristics本质、特点Non-toxic= less poisonous=safe 无毒的、安全的Novel a.=fresh=new=up to date 新潮的、创新的Numerous= a number of 许多OOwing to=thanks to =contribute to多亏……，有赖于……PPattern=format形式，模式Pattern=design图案Pore over=study 研究Poisonous=toxic 有毒的Portray=describe描写塑造(v.)Portrait=description描写塑造(n.)Preserve=store 储存Prevailing=popular=prevalent 盛行的Present day=modern society 现代社会、现在时代Prodigious effort=enormous effort重大的努力Produce=trigger=generate=spawn=bring about=result=breed=spawn激发、产生Provide=offer 提供Protect A from B =shelter A from B 使A不受B的侵害QQuestionnaire=survey 问卷调查RReadily=easily=accessible 容易地Reflect=consider考虑Relate to=understand=appreciate理解Rely on=depend on 依靠……Remarkable=extraordinary 特别突出的（好的事物）Replace=take the place of 取代Residue=remains=relics=relicts=ruins剩余物、废墟Resemble=like=as像SShow=reflect表现Significance=importance 重要性State=Situation=circumstance 状况,状态,情形Striking=noticeable值得注意地Struggle for=strive for 努力地争取Substantial=considerable 想当可观的Success=achievement=great outcome=great progress=huge development成功、成就Surprising=unexpectedly uncommon令人吃惊的TTake to=be used to=get used to 对……习惯Tale=story=fairytale 故事Talent=gift 天赋Tuition=formal teaching正式的学校教育Turn to=consult 寻求帮助、求助于Toxic=poisonous 有毒的UUnbiased=without prejudice 无立场、不带任何偏见的Up to=depend on/upon=rely on 由……决定Universal=popular普遍VVirtue=advantage=strength 优点好处WWork out=figure out=reckon 计算出、作出11.解决: Solve, deal with, cope with, handle, resolve, address, tackle.work out, figure out2.损害：Damage, hurt, injure, harm, impair, undermine, jeopardize3.给与：Give, offer, render, impart, provide, supply, afford4.培养：：Develop, cultivate, foster5.优势：Advantage, merit, virtue, benefit, upside, strength6.缺陷：Disadvantage, demerit, drawback, downside, weakness7.使迷惑：Puzzle, bewilder, perplex, baffle8.重要的：Key, crucial, critical, important, significant, vital, substantial, indispensable, imperative9.认为：Think, believe, insist, maintain, assert, conclude, deem, hold, argue, be convinced, be firmly convinced, befully convinced10.保护：Protect, conserve, preserve11.确保：Assure, ensure, guarantee, pledge12.有害的：Bad, baneful evil, harmful, detrimental13.要求：Request, demand, needs, requisition14.消除：Eliminate, clear, remove, clear up, take away, smooth away15.导致：Lead to, bring about, result in, cause, spark off, conduce to, procure, induce, generate16.因此：So, therefore, thus, hence, consequently, as a consequence, accordingly, as a result, because of this, as aresult of this17.增长至：Grow to，rise to，increase to，go up to，climb to，ascend to，jump to，shoot to18.降低至：Dip to，fall to，decline to，decrease to，drop to，go down to，reduce to，slump to，descend to，sinkto，slide to19.保持稳定：Level out，do not change，remain stable，remain still，remain steady，be stable，maintain the samelevel，remain unchanged，be still，remain the same level，stay constant，keep at the same level，level off，stabilize，keep its stability，even out20.急剧的：Dramatically，drastically，sharply，hugely，enormously，steeply，substantially，considerably，significantly，markedly，surprisingly，strikingly，radically，remarkably，vastly，noticeably21.平稳地：Steadily，smoothly，slightly，slowly，marginally，gradually，moderately，mildly22.宣称：Allege, assert, declare, claim23.发生：Happen, occur, take place24.原因：Reason, factor, cause25.发展：Development, advance, progress26.有益的：Useful, helpful, beneficial, profitable, rewarding，advantageous27.影响：Influence, impact, effect28.明显的：Clear, obvious, evident, self-evident, manifest, apparent, crystal-clear29.占：Comprise, take up, account for, constitute, consist of, make up, occupy, hold, compose30.与…相比：Compared with，compared to，in comparison with，in comparison to，by comparison with，bycomparison to31.对比而言：By contrast，in contrast，on the other hand，on the contrary=，conversely32.展示：Show, reveal, illustrate, demonstrate, depict, present, represent, describe33.大约：Approximately，almost，about，around，nearly，roughly34.波动：Fluctuate，go ups and downs，display a fluctuation，demonstrate a fluctuation35.事实上：Practically，in practice，essentially，in essence，in reality，in effect，in fact，as a matter of fact，it isa fact that36.换言之：Namely，that is to say，in other words，to put it like this，to put it differently，to put it from another way，to put it from another angle37.Concern with = relate to 与有关38.grow= increase= rise concentrate on = focus on39.Under the title=name achievement =success40.tend to do sth = plan to do sth./41.want to do sth=desire to to sth.42.be associated with = be connected with = be linked to 与……有关联43.approach = method = way = key intensely= extremely = very44.establish= found = set up establishment = organization45.offer sb sth =supply sb with sth =provide sb with sth= grant46.argument= disagreement work = mater piece 著作47.contract = agreement合同，合约48.no= without = have no 没有49.chaos = mess 混乱50.monument= landmark里程碑51.help sb with = assist sb in doing sth=reach a hand to sb帮助某人作某事petitor= rival recognize as = look/assume as21.dislike=distaste2.test = examine3.effect= impact=influence from…to = range from…to…4.ignore = neglect5.unfold= carry on6.be reluctant to do=reject=refuse=object to7.before = prior to8.predict = estimate =anticipate obey= abide by = comply with9.account for= explain= elucidate=illustrate10.in essence = in fact=indeed11.discrepancy=difference=shade12.forgo=give up13.context =environment=circumstance=situation14.radical different=extremely different15.put another way=in other words16.sort out= find out= figure out plausible = reasonable12.fear=worry pollute = contaminate13.predict= anticipate=forecast14.over state = exaggerate15.actually=indeed=in fact=true16.disappear= extinct灭绝17.seem to do =assume to do18.solve = cope with=deal with解决19.accelerate = speed up20.impact = effect =influence response to = react to21.opinion poll= survey reason = factor 原因、因素22.entitle= name overwhelming=dominant23.field =domain 学科领域24.oppose=against25.for example=such as=for instance=to be specific26.lead to=result in 导致27.extremely=seriously 严重地28.perception = view 观点、看法29.association=society协会30.encounter with = face=confront面对31.postpone to=delay32.pressing=urgent紧急、急迫33.measure=solution=method解决方法34.key=crucial =significant=important关键、重要35.but=yet enormous importance=great/significantunch=start derive from = get from37.revert to= get back to distinction=identity38.immense =great in the domain of=in the field of39.couple with = along with a mass dollar=accumulate dollar40.essential feature = principle41.seize=grasp42.innovative=fresh drab=dull/single43.entirely=totally be restricted to=be limited to44.needs=demand45.dub=call=name reflex=reaction/response46.result from=originate frombe critical for = be important to47.demanding=difficultretune=adjust48.seek for =search foroutlook=view49.figure out = find outtrack=follow50.in response to=respond to = react to51.prominence=importance revolution=invention52.in relation to= in association withsociety = association53.treatise=workfeature=characteristicsmercial exploitation =commercialize do with=due to=because of55.objective = impersonal=impartial foster=develop56.account=explanation=illustrationsubstantial=consider=enough57.be acknowledged=be realizedpilot program=trial program58.configuration=structurephenomenal=surprising59.make stride=make progressregardless of=despite of60.perpetuate=keep=maintainaccess to sth=get sth61.vital importance=extremely important62.rest=depositartificial=manmade63.make a comeback=return=re-enterbig=popular64.ignite=trigger a field of=a domain of65.encompass=unifyimply=indicate66.breakthrough=milestonearound the corner=is coming67.materialize=realizetide=trend68.agency=organizationreckon=deem69.approach=methodspot=find out70.boost=promoteprospect=future71.feature=portray elusive=pessimistic72.match up to sth=equal with impressive=great73.impact=effect=influencefragile=vulnerable74.indigenous people=native peopletend to=look after75.undermine=destroy=damageinevitable=unavoidable76.renaissance=revive for instance=for example77.operate=run78.failure=incidentrare=unusually79.tension=pressure80.prime=get ready to do81.inclusion=impurity82.occur=happen83.analyze=closely examine84.detect=examine85.trigger=produce86.induce=encourage87.regardless=in spite of considerable=substantial88.important =crucial89.opinon=perspective, standpoint90.fame=prestige91.relieve=alleviate(alleviate means you make pain or sufferings less intense or severe)92.force=coerces into(coerce means you make someone do something s/he does not want to),compel93.enlarge=magnify(magnify means make something larger than it really is)94.Lonely=solitary(if someone is solitary, there is no one near him/her95.small=minuscule(very small), minute96.praise=extol(stronger than praise), compliment(polite and political)97.hard-working=assiduous(someone who is assiduous works hard or does things very thoroughly98.difficult=arduous(if something is arduous, it is difficult and tiring, and involves a lot of efforts)99.show=demonstrate(to demonstrate a fact means tp make it clear to people.)100.a void=shun(if someone shuns something, s/he deliberately avoid that something or keep away from it101.f air=impartial(someone who is impartial is able to give a fair opinion or decision on something.)102.a lways=invariably(the same as always, but better than always)103.f orever=perpetual(a perpetual state never changes), immutable(something immutable will never change or be changed)104.q uiet=tranquil(calm and peaceful), serene(calm and quiet)105.e xpensive=exorbitant(it means too expensive that it should be)106.r espect=esteem107.w orry=fret(if you fret about something, you worry about it)108.c old=chilly(unpleasantly cold), icy(extremely cold)109.d angerous=perilous(very dangerous, hazardous(dangerous, especially to people's safety and health)110.n owadays=currently111.s top=cease(if something ceases, it stops happening or existing)112.p art=component(the components of something are the parts that it is made of)113.d ifficult=formidable114.s trange=eccentric(if some one is eccentric, s/he behaves in a strange way, or his/her opinion is different from most people)115.r ich=affluent(if you are affluent, you have a lot of money)116.a pproximately将近-nearly, almost117.d ubious=skeptical(if you are skeptical about something, you have doubts on it.)118.s cholarship=fellowship119.a ttractive=appealing(pleasing and attractive), absorbing(something absorbing can attract you a great deal)120.d iverse=miscellaneous(a miscellaneous groups consists of many different kinds of things)121.r apid=meteoric(ATTENTION: meteoric is only used to describe someone achieves success quickly) 122.d espite=not withstanding(FORMAL)123.b est=optimal(used to describe the best level something can achieve)124.s harp=acute(severe and intense)125.u nbelievable=inconceivable(if you deem something inconceivable, you think it very unlike to happen 126.f amous=distinguished(used to describe people who are successful in their career)127.a ncient=archaic(extremely old and extremely old-fashioned)128.p ossible=feasible(if something is feasible, it can be done, made or achieved)129.o f=necessary to130.w ithout=free from131.a bout=concerning=related to132.在…方面:in …ways=in …aspects/respects/perspectives133.用…方法：in…ways=in…fashion=in …manner134.r ich = wealthy = affluent = well-to-do = well-off135.p oor = needy = impoverished136.g ood = conducive = beneficial=advantageous137.b ad = detrimental = baneful =undesirable138.h ealthy = robust = sound = wholesome139.s urprising = amazing = extraordinary = miraculous140.e nergetic = dynamic = vigourous =animated141.难的：difficult=troublesome=burdensome=thorny142.不可或缺的：necessary=indispensable=inevitable=irreplaceable=unavoidable143.重要的：important=crucial, critical, essential, vital144.=be importance=be of cruciality=be of criticality= be of essentiality=be of vitality145.巨大的：large=enormous, tremendous, considerable, appreciable146.正确的（correct）=仔细的(careful)=arduous=assiduous147.有道理的：reasonable=rational and plausible148.吸引人的：attractive=inviting and appealing149.足够的：adequate and sufficient150.日常：daily = day-to-day = everyday151.i mprove = enhance= promote = strengthen = optimize152.s olve =resolve =address = tackle =cope with = deal with153.d estroy = tear down = knock down = eradicate154.d evelop = cultivate = foster = nurture155.e ncourage = motivate = stimulate = spur156.c omplete = fulfill = accomplish= achieve157.d estroy = impair = undermine = jeopardize158.i nfluence= impact159.d anger = perils =hazards160.h uman beings= mankind = humane race161.o ld people= the old = the elderly = the aged = senior citizens162.t eachers = instructors = educators = lecturers163.e ducation = schooling = family parenting = upbringing164.y oung people = youngsters = youths = adolescents165.responsibility = obligation = duty = liability166.因素：cause, reason=factor, determinant167.联系：relationship(relate A to B) =connection(connect A to B ) =association(associate A to B)168.优点：advantage=benefit=superiority=merit = favorable aspects/respects/perspectives=undesirable aspects/respects/perspectives169.d isadvantage=detriment=inferiority=defect=deficiency=unfavorable aspects/respects/perspectives=undesirable aspects/respects/perspectives170.e njoyment = pastimes = recreation= entertainment171.c hildren = offspring = descendant = kid★高频短语：1.充满了：be filled with = be awash with = be inundate with = be saturated with2.努力：struggle for = aspire after = strive for = spare no efforts for3.从事：embark on = take up = set about = go in for4.在当代: in contemporarysociety = in present-day society= in this day and age5. a host of = a multitude of = a vast number of = a vast amount of6.对…有益处：be good for.=do good to=be beneficial to=be advantageous to=be conducive to7.对…有害处：be harmful/bad for=be detrimental to=be disadvantageous to=be pernicious to8.集中精力于：focus ondevote oneself todedicate oneself tocommit oneself toengage oneself inemploy oneself in9.认为：think = argue, assert, contend, claimmaintain, notehold the viewpoint thathold the standpoint thathold the perspective thatharbour an idea/opinion thatembrace a view that10.反对：be against=reject, object, oppose=be opposed to=become hostile to11.支持：support=take sides with=advocate=lend support to=sing high praise of12.导致：lead to=trigger=result in, bring about, contribute to=give rise to, give birth to, be responsible for13.(归咎于：be ascribed to=be attributed to)14.发展(develop)，提高(increase)，改善(improve)=A 及物动词组promote, advance, enhance, reinforce名词promotion, advancement, enhancement, reinforcement=B 不及物动词rocket, boom, flourish, prosper15.有：负面含义：suffer, run high risk ofhas正面含义：boast, embrace16.中性含义：face=be faced with=be possessed of面临，面对：be faced with=be encountered with=be poised on the brink of 17.破坏：destroy, damage=A decompose, destruct=B endanger, threaten=C impair, decimate, deteriorate=D exercise/practice/perform damage/danger…upon18.阻碍：limit=A restrict, restrain, constrict, constrain=B obstacle, barricade=C smother, curb=D hinder, impede19.下结论：make a conclusion=A draw a conclusion thatreach a conclusion thatarrive at a conclusion that=B hammer a conclusion thatcrystallize a conclusion that20.使用：use=employ, apply, adopt,=resort to21.innovate/ invent22.attend to/ take care of23.balanced/ equitable24.virtual (love)/ simulate25.small-scale小范围/ marginal边缘处的26.dialect方言accent腔调27.look like/ resemble28.chronic长期的,慢性的—long-term长期的29.on-line /net/ cyber30.solely/ merely/ only31.deplete开采完，耗尽/ exhaust32.category-categorize/ class-classify?。