ASTHMA相关英文词汇小结1.National Asthma Education andPrevention Program (NAEPP)国家哮喘教育防治项目2.Susceptible individuals易感人群3. Recurrent episodes of wheezing, breathlessness, chest tightness, and coughing反复发作的喘息、气短、胸痛、咳嗽4. airflow obstruction气道阻塞5. reversible either spontaneously or with treatment可自愈或治疗后可逆6. bronchial hyperresponsiveness(BHR)支气管高反应性7. a variable degree不同程度的8. hypersecretion分泌增高9. bronchospasm支气管痉挛10.Inhaled allergen吸入过敏原11. an early-phase allergic reaction早期过敏反应12.allergen specific immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies抗原特异性IgE抗体13.rapid activation of airway mast cells and macrophages,气道肥大细胞巨噬细胞迅速激活14. proinflammatory mediators促炎因子15. histamine组胺17. eicosanoids类花生酸类物质18.contraction of airway smooth muscle气道平滑肌收缩19.mucus secretion粘液分泌20. vasodilation血管舒21.exudation of plasma血浆渗出22. a diabetogenic lifestyle (excessive calories, inadequate exercise, and obesity)易导致糖尿病的生活方式（能量过度摄入、锻炼不足、肥胖）23.engorged充满的24. edematous airway wall气道壁水肿25. airway lumen气道腔26. reduced mucus clearance粘液清除减少27. late-phase inflammatory reaction迟发炎症反应28. allergen provocation过敏原激发29. recruitment and activation of eosinophils, T lymphocytes, basophils, neutrophils, and macrophages嗜酸性粒细胞，T淋巴细胞，碱性粒细胞，中性粒细胞，巨噬细胞招募和激活30.inflammatory mediators (leukotrienes and granule proteins)炎性因子（白三烯和颗粒蛋白）31.type 2 T-helper cellsTH2淋巴细胞32. interleukin [IL]-4, IL-5,and IL-13白介素-4,-5，-1333. type 1 T-helper (TH 1 ) cellsTH1淋巴细胞34. IL-2 and interferon-γ白介素-2和干扰素γ35. Mast cell degranulation肥大细胞脱颗粒36. chemotactic factors趋化因子37.leukotrienes C4 , D4 , and E4白三烯C4，D4,E438. prostaglandins前列腺素39. platelet-activating factor (PAF)血小板激活因子40. Alveolar macrophages肺泡巨噬细胞41. furthers the inflammatory process加剧炎性过程42.5-lipoxygenase pathway of arachidonic acid metabolism花生四烯酸代谢的5-脂氧酶途径43.peptidases多肽酶44.matrix proteins基质蛋白45.cytokines细胞因子46.nitric oxideNO46.Epithelial shedding表皮脱落47.heightened airway responsiveness气道高反应性48. altered permeability of the airway mucosa气道粘膜通透性改变49. depletion of epithelial-derived relaxant factors表皮来源舒因子的减少50. sloughing of epithelial cells intothe airway lumen表皮细胞脱落至气道腔51.impair mucociliary transport影响纤毛运输52. bronchial glands支气管腺53. goblet cells悲壮细胞54. Expectorated mucus咳出的粘液55. have high viscosity.粘度高56. innervated by由神经支配57. parasympathetic副交感神经58. sympathetic交感神经59. nonadrenergic inhibitory nerves非肾上腺素能抑制神经60.noninnervated β2 -adrenergic receptors that produce bronchodilation非神经支配的β2肾上腺素受体可产生支气管收缩的作用61. trachea气管62. episodic dyspnea间断憋气63.chest tightness胸闷64.wheezing喘息65. a whistling sound哨鸣音66.expiratory wheezing on auscultation 听诊有呼气喘息音67. a dry, hacking cough干咳68. atopy变态反应69.allergic rhinitis哮喘70.eczema湿疹71.chronic daily symptoms症状日常反复发作72.intermittent symptoms症状间断发生73. nighttime awakenings夜间醒来74. interference with normal activity影响日常活动75. short-acting inhaled β2-agonists短效吸入β2受体激动剂76.confirmatory spirometry可明确诊断的肺功能检查结果77. reversibility after inhaled β 2 -agonist administration在吸入β2受体激动剂后可逆转78. necessarily rule out asthma可排除哮喘79. methacholine乙酰甲胆碱80.Pulse oximetry脉氧测定81.decreased arterial oxygen and O2 saturations动脉氧及氧分压下降82. Arterial blood gases动脉血气83. metabolic acidosis代谢性酸中毒84.low partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2) 动脉氧分压降低85.asthma exacerbations哮喘加重86. hospitalizations住院治疗87.intubations插管治疗plicating illnesses并发症89. cardiac disease心脏疾病90.hydration status水化状态91.accessory muscles of respiration辅助呼吸肌92. presence of cyanosis发绀93. pneumonia肺炎94.pneumothorax 气胸95.pneumomediastinum纵隔积气;96.purulent sputum脓痰97.quick relief of symptoms症状快速缓解98.Reducing impairment减少损伤99.exercise-induced bronchospasm [EIB]) 运动诱发的支气管痉挛100. activates adenyl cyclase激活腺苷酸环化酶101. (near-) normal pulmonary function几乎正常的肺功能102. attendance at work or school正常工作或上学103. Reducing risk降低风险104. recurrent exacerbations反复加重105. loss of lung function肺功能降低106.reduced lung growth肺组织生长发育不全107.correction of significant hypoxemia 纠正明显的低氧血症108. rapid reversal of airway obstruction (within minutes)在数分钟快速逆转气道阻塞109. stepwise approach for managing chronic asthma逐步控制慢性哮喘110. home treatment在家治疗111.self-management skills个人疾病管理技巧112.adherence to medication regimens治疗方案依从性113.Objective measurements of airflow obstruction气流阻塞的客观指标114. peak flow meter峰流速仪115.allergenic triggers过敏激发源116.supplemental oxygen therapy氧疗117. arterial oxygen saturation >90%动脉血氧饱和度>90%118. >95% in pregnant women and patients with heart disease孕妇及心脏疾病患者，血氧应>95%119. urine specific gravity尿比重120.intracellular细胞121.cyclic adenosine monophosphate cAMP122.smooth muscle relaxation 平滑肌舒123. mast cell membrane stabilization肥大细胞膜稳定124. skeletal muscle stimulation骨骼肌刺激125. Aerosol administration喷雾吸入. bronchoselectivity支气管选择性127. Albuterol沙丁胺醇128. Regular treatment (four times daily) 常规治疗（qid）129.as-needed usePRN130. Formoterol福莫特罗131. salmeterol沙美特罗132.adjunctive辅助的. advancing to进展至134. ineffective for对***无效. continuous nebulization of持续雾化吸入136.unsatisfactory response疗效不满意137. aerosolized β2-agonists雾化的β2受体激活剂.nocturnal asthma夜间哮喘发作136. an indicator of inadequateanti-inflammatory treatment.预示着抗炎治疗不足137.Corticosteroids糖皮质激素.increase the number of β 2 -adrenergic receptors增加β2受体数量. improve receptor responsiveness to β 2 -adrenergic stimulation增加β2受体对激活剂的反应性140.reduce mucus production/ hypersecretion减少粘液生成或分泌增加141.reduce BHR（bronchial hyperresponsiveness）降低支气管高反应性142. reduce airway edema and exudation 降低气道水肿与渗出143.check adherence考察患者的依从性144. Intermittent asthma哮喘间断发作145. Persistent asthma哮喘持续发作146.Intensity of treatment depends on severity of symptoms根据症状的严重程度决定治疗方案强度147. Stepwise approach(Step up,Step down) 阶梯治疗（上调、下调）148. Isoproterenol异丙肾上腺素149. Pirbuterol吡布特罗150.Terbutaline特布他林parative doses等效剂量152. once-daily dosing indications每日一次给药的适应症153.tapered down逐渐下调剂量154.maximum improvement症状的最大改善155. dose-dependent剂量依赖的156.oropharyngeal candidiasis口腔念珠菌病157.dysphonia失声、发音苦难158. spacer device储雾罐159.enhance lung delivery提高肺部药物分布160. Prednisone泼尼松161. short burst短期冲击疗法162. maintain the patient on appropriate long-term control therapy with inhaled corticosteroids给予患者长期吸入糖皮质激素以控制症状. alternate-day therapy隔日给药方案164. Levalbuterol左旋沙丁胺醇165. beclomethasone dipropionate二丙酸倍氯米松166. Budesonide布地奈德167. Ciclesonide环索米松168. Methylxanthines甲基黄嘌呤169. Theophylline茶碱170. bronchodilation支气管扩171. nonselective phosphodiesterase inhibition非选择性磷酸二酯酶抑制172. are ineffective by aerosol吸入无效173.ethylenediamin乙二胺174. aminophylline氨茶碱175. susceptible to induction and inhibition 由诱导和抑制影响176. large interpatient variability个体差异巨大177. steady-state range稳态浓度围178.monitoring schedules监测方案179. tachycardia心动过速180.jitteriness神经过敏181.cardiac tachyarrhythmias快速心律失常182. seizures癫痫发作183. duration of action作用持续时间184. leukotriene antagonists白三烯抑制剂185. Ipratropium bromide异丙托溴铵. tiotropium bromide噻托溴铵187.muscarinic receptorsM胆碱受体188.cholinergic-mediated bronchoconstriction胆碱能街道的支气管收缩. Mast Cell Stabilizers肥大细胞稳定剂190. Cromolyn sodium色甘酸钠191. available as a metered-dose inhaler and nebulizer solution有MDI和供雾化吸入两种剂型192. prophylaxis预防性治疗193. regardless of etiology无论病因. achieve maximum benefit取得最大获益. Leukotriene Modifiers白三烯调节剂. Zafirlukast扎鲁司特(Accolate®). montelukast孟鲁斯特(Singulair®). reduce the proinflammatory effect 减轻促炎效应200. leukotriene D4白三烯D4201. taken on a regular basis常规使用202. symptom-free periods无症状期203. without regard to food与食物无关204. chewable tablet咀嚼片205. idiosyncratic syndrome特发症状206. Churg–Strauss syndromeChurg–Strauss综合征207. eosinophilic vasculitis嗜酸性粒细胞血管炎208. Zileuton齐留通(Zyflo®)209. Combination Controller Therapy混合制剂疗法210. budesonide and formoterol (Symbicort®)布地奈德联合福莫特罗（信必可都保®）AZ211.fluticasone propionate and salmeterol氟替卡松联合沙美特罗（Advair®)葛兰素212. varied doses of the inhaled corticosteroid with a fixed dose of the long-acting β2 agonist 固定剂量的长效β2受体激动剂联合不同剂量的吸入激素213. The addition of a long-acting β2 agonist allows a 50% reduction in inhaled corticosteroid dosage.加入长效β2受体激动剂可降低吸入激素剂量至50%214. Omalizumab (Xolair®)奥马珠单抗（索雷尔®）Roche215. anti-IgE antibody抗IGE抗体216. baseline total serum IgE基线血清总IgE217. a 0.2% incidence of anaphylaxis过敏性反应（严重）发生率0.2%218. occurred up to 24 hours after injection 可以在注射后24小时后发生219. interference with normal activities影响正常生活220. Validated questionnaires公认的问卷221. Asthma Therapy Assessment Questionnaire,哮喘治疗评价问卷222. Asthma Control Questionnaire哮喘控制问卷223. Asthma Control Test哮喘控制检测224. exercise tolerance运动耐量225. inhalation technique吸入装置226. a similar time frame相似的时间围227. morning peak flows晨起峰流速228. lung auscultation肺部听诊229. supraclavicular retractions锁骨上回缩。