2021考研英语语法基础讲义目录第一部分简单句 (1)第一章五大基本句型 (1)第二章简单句的扩展 (3)第二部分并列结构 (9)第一章并列句常用的并列连词 (9)第二章并列句中的省略—省略相同的成分 (10)第三部分复合句 (11)第一章名词性从句 (11)第二章定语从句 (15)第三章状语从句 (19)第四部分特殊结构 (26)第一章倒装句 (26)第二章强调 (27)第五部分知识盲点总结 (29)第一章that的用法 (29)第二章as的用法 (30)第三章than的用法 (31)第一部分简单句第一章五大基本句型第一节五大基本句型的构成1.主语＋谓语John came.2.主语＋谓语＋宾语John likes oranges.3.主语＋系动词＋表语John is happy.4.主语＋谓语＋宾语＋宾语John gave Mary books.5.主语＋谓语＋宾语+补语John makes Mary angry.【真题例句】1.Smaller species survived.2.Everybody loves a fat pay rise.3.This is a dangerous game...4.They gave justices permanent positions...5.You always keep your eyes open...第二节主谓双宾&主谓宾宾补&主系表1.主语＋谓语＋宾语＋宾语John gave Mary books.注：英语中的授予动词（给予、告知、拒绝等类意义的动词）要求接双宾语，直接宾语和间接宾语。
直接宾语指给予或告知的“事物”，间接宾语指接受或被告知事物的人。
间接宾语可置于直接宾语之后，但前面需要加介词to或for，这些动词，在大家理解长难句的过程中可以起到四两拨千斤的作用。
（详见附录1）2.主语＋谓语＋宾语+补语John makes Mary angry.注：宾语补足语指的是，在英语中有些及物动词，接了宾语意义仍然不完整，还需要有其他成分来补充说明宾语的意义，这个成分简称宾补。
常接宾补的动词有make, see, notice, observe, treat, think, regard, define, consider, accept, take (详见附录2)。
【真题例句】1.Rule changes gave banks more freedom to use models to value illiquid assets and more flexibility in recognizing losses on long-term assets in their income statements.( 2010 阅读T4)2.The abstract concept makes the immense amount of concrete research and understanding possible.（2003 翻译）3.主语＋系动词＋表语John is happy.系动词是将主语和表语连接起来的动词，分为全系动词和半系动词。
【真题例句】1.Now utopia has grown unfashionable, as we have gained a deeper appreciation of the range of threats facing us.（2013 阅读T3）2.They should be quick to respond to letters to the editor, lest animal rights misinformation go unchallenged and acquire a deceptive appearance of truth. (2003 阅读T2)3.In many cases that is out of choice and, if they fall seriously ill, hospitals have to treat them.(2007 阅读T2)第二章简单句的扩展第一节核心成分的扩展一、谓语1.时态的变化英语中不同时间和方式发生的状态，要用谓语动词的不同形式来表示。
【真题例句】1.But most law graduates never get a big-firm job. (2014 阅读T2)st year Japan experienced 2,125 incidents of school violence... ( 2000 阅读T4)3.Clearly, only the biggest and most flexible television companies are going to be able to compete in such a rich and hotly-contested market.（2005 翻译)4.They gave justices permanent positions so they would be free to upset those in power ...(2012 完形)5.He was searching for tiny engraved seals... (2014 新题型)6.Home prices are holding steady in most regions. (2004 阅读T3)7.He had never gambled before the casino sent him a coupon for $20 worth of gambling. (2006 新题型)8.Most leading retailers have already tried e-commerce, with limited success, and expansion abroad. (2010新题型)2.语态的变化构成：be + doneUnfortunately, these critics are virtually forgotten. ( 2010 阅读T1 )3.情态的变化情态动词有一定的词汇意义，但是不能单独作谓语，必须与动词原形连用，情态动词有两种含义，一是表示推测性用法，二是表示建议、禁止、允许等意念。
4.否定简单句中否定，要把谓语动词变成对应的否定形式，主要分为两种：实义动词变否定、助动词变否定。
（1）实义动词变否定，前加助动词do/does/did, 再加上not, 最后加动词原形。
助动词根据时态和主语来选择，过去时用did; 现在时用do; 现在时且主语是第三人称单数用does, 如下：They do not fund peer-reviewed research. (2014 阅读T3)（2）助动词变否定，直接在助动词后加not, 其中助动词有be动词、情态动词，完成时态中的have等。
To be sure, the future is not all rosy. (2013 阅读T3)（3）其他形式否定（1）表示“绝对没有”概念的词：no, none, never, neither, nobody, nowhere.No disciplines have seized on professionalism with as much enthusiasm as the humanities. （2011 新题型）（2）表示“通常，所有”概念的代词、副词（all, both, every-, always, completely...）与否定副词连用，构成部分否定。
He reminds himself that not every lecture can be a Nobel winner; some will be less effective than others.（2014 翻译）（3）形肯义否：scarcely, hardly, seldom, little, rarely...Immigrants are quickly fitting into this common culture, which may not be altogether elevating but is hardly poisonous.（2006 阅读T1）二、非谓语动词由动词演变而来的，但是和动词有最本质的区别，最本质的的区别是不能做谓语。
除了不做谓语都可以做其它任何句子成分1.Thinking is essentially a process of making connections in the brain. (2014完形)2.It is painful to read these roundabout accounts today. (2010 翻译）3.The trick is to direct these funds better. (2013 新题型)4.To take advantage of this tool, some impoverished countries will have to get over their outdated anti-colonial prejudices with respect to foreign investment. (2001 阅读Passage 2)非谓语动词作定语以及状语时候的区别定语状语①形容词①副词②介词短语②介词短语③动词ing③动词ing④动词ed④动词ed⑤动词to do⑤动词to do⑥定语从句⑥状语从句非谓语动词做定语和状语定语和状语有本质的区别，有没有被修饰的名词定语The letter written by my classmate is very interesting.状语Interrupted by the man, he became furious.三、主语四、宾语五、表语【真题例句】1.The human nose is an underrated tool.(2005 完形)2.The best strategy is to use the agent...(2004 阅读T1)3.So many Americans distrust what they read in their newspapers.（2001 阅读T3）4.But exploring one’s smart-phone is more like entering his or her home.（2015 T2）第二节辅助成分的添加Scientific work tends to focus on prevailing knowledge.She said goodbye with tears in her eyes.The theory was advanced by the great scientist Einstein.一、定语（一）前置定语：形容词：名词；doing；done1.Such standardized tests may not assess all the important elements necessary to succeed in school and in life. (2007 阅读T2)2.The Japanese are seeing a decline of the traditional work-moral values. (2000 阅读T4)（二）后置定语：形容词短语，介词短语，doing短语；done短语，to do 不定式短语3.A team of researchers working together in the laboratory would submit the results of their research to a journal. （2008 阅读T2）4.Databases used by some companies don’t rely on data collected systematically. （2009 阅读T2）5.The ability to guard customer data is the key to market value. （2007 阅读T4）二、状语状语是用来修饰动词、形容词、副词以及全句的句子成分。