专题六、句子成分和五种简单句型一、句子成分分类1．主语:主语是谓语讲述的对象，表示所说的“是什么”或“是谁”。
一般由名词、代词、不定代词或相当于名词的单词或短语来充当，也有从句充当的现象。
大多数主语都在句首。
如：We didn’t have enough time to think about problems by ourselves.She enjoys reading books and listening to music.Every coin has two sides（任何事物都有两面性）Three are enough.To spit in public is not polite.Seeing English films is a good way to learn English well.What we need is food.▲在个别句型中，主语在整个句子后面，这时前面用it作形式主语。
如：It took two workers about three months to build the house.I t’s our duty to protect the environment.It’s very exciting not to have extra classes on holidays.It is important for us to obey traffic rules.On the other hand, there are some disadvantages to go online2．谓语:谓语时用来说明主语“做什么”、“是什么”或“怎么样”，谓语必须是动词，谓语和主语在“人称”和“数”两方面必须一致。
如：She gets on/along well with（与……相处的很好）her friends.She enjoys reading books and listening to music.we can also take some exercise together to keep fit/ keep healthy/ be in good health(为了身体的健康).Huaguo Mountain is a famous tourist attraction in Lianyungang.Our after—school activities are very colorful, such as playing balls, singing, dancing, drawing and so on（等等）.Great changes have taken place since 60 years ago.But a few years ago,a lot of bad behaviors happened quite often during the travel. My money has run out.3.表语:表语说明主语“是什么”或“怎么样”，由名词、形容词、介词、副词、不定式及相当于名词的词或短语来充当，它的位置在系动词后面。
⑴、系动词的分类：第一类：表示特征或状态的，有be，look/seem/appear，feel，smell，taste，sound，You don’t look very well. The skirt feels soft.The music sounds beautiful. The roses smell sweet. Mrs. Li was a strict but kind teacher.第二类：表示从一种状态到另一种状态的变化，有become，get，grow，turn，fall，go，come等。
He became a world-famous scientist.It is getting warmer and warmer.If you study hard, your dream will come true.As soon as she got home, she fell asleep.第三类：表示保持状态的，有keep，remain，stay。
Please remain seated and the plane is taking off.⑵The news was surprising. My mom is friendly, wise and patient.His job is teaching English.（动名词）In his opinion（他认为）, the best ways are reading English newspapers and talking with friends.（动名词）The only way is to give the child more help.（不定式）The best way to learn English is to use it.This is why he was late.（从句）4．宾语:宾语是动作、行为的对象，由名词、代词、不定式、或相当于名词的词或短语或从句来充当，它和谓语动词一起说明主语是什么，通常放在谓语动词，介词的后面。
有时，会有双宾语。
如：名词作宾语He never forgives others for their mistakes.代词做宾语He often helps me.不定式作宾语He likes to sleep in the open air.动名词作宾语The Americans enjoyed living in China.Thanks for inviting me to your dinner.What about going out for a walk?I am looking forward to meeting you.I am used to living in the city.从句做宾语I believe that they can finish the work in time.I don’t know if there is going to be rain tomorrow.Can you tell me when he will come ?5．定语：定语用来修饰名词或代词。
形容词、代词、数词、名词、介词短语、不定式或相当于形容词的词或短语等都可以充当定语。
如：形容词作定语The black bike is mine.代词作定语What’s your name?名词作定语They made some paper flowers.介词短语作定语The boys in the room are in Class Three, Grade One.不定式作短语I have lots to eat and drink.Water Park is a good place to have fun.Plan your time carefully and make sure you have some time to do what you like every day.You had better find ways to learn English well.Whenever you have a chance to speak English, you should take it.I am hungry and I want something to eat.I am thirsty and I would like something to drink.He is always the first to come and the last to leave.从句作定语The tall boy who is standing there is Peter.▲在英语中，并不是所有的定语都放在被修饰词的前面，有的是放在被修饰词的后面，故称“后置定语”。
▲修饰不定代词something, anything, nothing, something, anyone, somebody, anybody, nobody 的定语必须后置。
如：If you don’t know the answer, ask someone else.Do you have anything important to tell me?▲介词短语作定语时要后置。
如：Do you know the boy behind the tree?The students in the room are all my friends.I think the picture on the left is better than the one on the right.▲动词的不定式作定语时要后置What about something to drink?I have no time to travel to China is in Autumn or in Spring.6．状语状语用来修饰动词、形容词或副词。
它表示行为发生的时间、地点、目的、方式、程度等，一般由副词、介词短语、不定式，从句或相当于副词的词或短语来充当。
状语一般放在句末，但有时也可以放在句首、句中。
如：⑴程度状语They missed me very much.⑵方式状语I often go to school by bike instead of on foot。
In this way, you can improve your speaking.⑶条件状语Without his help, we c ouldn’t work it out.If you try your best , you will make great progress.Unless you study hard, you will fail an exam.⑷目的状语In order to catch up with my classmates, I must study hard.I must study hard so that I can catch up with my classmates.How kind you are! You always do what you can to help me.We can make a fire to keep the room warm so that we can chat for a while.To find a book in the library, enter a key word into the computer⑸结果状语He is too young to join the army.He is not old enough to join the army.His class is so interesting and lively that many students like it very much.⑹时间状语He joined the army at the age of 18.When I was young, I could swim well.As soon as he gets home, he goes to see his mother.⑺原因状语Because he was ill ,he didn’t go to school.Because of his illness, he didn’t go to school.7．宾语的补足语在英语的句子中有些句子里只有宾语并不能表达完整的意思，还必须在宾语后面加上宾语的补足语才能表达完整的意思。