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汉英翻译的文化策略


▪ “我认为,译文应该力求透明,以至看起来 不像是译文。好的翻译像一块玻璃,只有 玻璃上的一些小小的瑕疵 — 擦痕和气泡。 当然,理想的最好什么也没有。译文应该 永远不会引起读者感到他们在读译作。(诺 曼·夏皮罗)

▪ 王夫人因说道:“你舅舅今日斋戒去了,再 见罢。……”

▪ ‘Your uncle is in retreat today,’ said Lady Wang. ‘He’ll see you another time.’ (Hawkes)
方式的认同接受程度。

The importance of the role of culture in translation
▪ To be bilingual, one has to be bicultural.
▪ For truly successful translating, biculturalism is even more important than bilingualism.(Nida,2001:82)
▪ 2. Even the cleverest housewife cannot make bread without flour. (Hawkes)

盛宴必散。
▪ Even the best party must have an end. (Hawkes)
▪ Even the grandest feast must have an end. (The Yangs)

▪ 鲜红的衣服,再配上鲜红的帽子和鞋袜, 是春日的流行装束。不过时髦女郎们可得 小心一点,别在街头打哈欠,要是碰上近 视眼准备寄信就大事不妙了。
▪ 注:在英国,邮筒为红色。

霍克斯对“红”的处理
▪ 在《红楼梦》霍克斯译本中, 怡红公子被翻译成了“green boy”,怡红院,也被翻译成了 “the House of Green Delight (怡绿院)”
▪ (the Yangs) ▪ Fast: a period during which someone
does not eat meat or fish for religious reason

巧妇难为无米之炊。
▪ 1. Even the cleverest housewife cannot make a meal without rice. (The Yangs)

▪ 2. 归化(domesticatioin; adaptation):以译入语文化为中 心,以读者为中心,将源语文化 经过整理,然后以译入语中较为 现成的、熟悉的、易于接受的形 式出现。缺点:丧失了源语的异 国特色。

Venuti:
▪ In this vein, the deconstructionist Venuti differentiates two strategies in translation: domesticating and foreignizing. He strongly advocates the resistant foreignizing method and rejects the transparent domestication in opposition to the Anglo-American hegemonic cultural stand
glutinous rice flour ▪ 清明节Clear and Bright Festival, a time when
Chinese renew their late ancestors’ tombs to mourn them

脚注(footnote)
▪ Bright red costumes, with hats, shoes and stockings to match, are to be all the craze in the Spring. Smart women will have to be careful not yawn in the streets in case some shortsighted person is on his way to post a letter.
汉英翻译的文化策略
2020年7月18日星期六
Culture and its composition
▪ Edward B. Tylor: ▪ Culture is that complex whole which
includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society. (Edward B. Tylor. 1924. [orig. 1871] Primitive Culture. 2 vols. 7th ed. New York: Brentano's.)

Eugene Nida
▪ 1 . Ecology ▪ 2. Material Culture ▪ 3. Social Culture ▪ 4. Religious Culture ▪ 5. Linguistic Culture

Strata of culture
文化系统结构有四个层次: 1)物质形态层(material stratum) 2)典章制度层(institutional stratum) 3)行为习俗层(behavioral and customary

▪ It is not surprising that the most serious mistakes in translation are made because of ignorance about the views and values of other culture.(Nida,2001:286)Nida. E.A.2001 Language and Culture: Context in Translating. 上外出版社/外教社
▪ 因此,很多情况下,是将二者综合使用。


处理文化因素的一般策略
▪ 一般而言,处理文化因素的策 略是:文化存真(transmit the authentic culture to the target readership),特别是在 物质文化层面和制度文化层面 。

文化存真的翻译技巧
▪ 音译(transliteration); ▪ 直译(literal translation); ▪ 音译/直译+解释(explanation)
▪ [英译汉]engine(引擎),motor(马达), sofa(沙发),logic(逻辑)

直译
▪ 纸老虎paper tiger, ▪ 丢脸lose face, ▪ 百闻不如一见 Seeing is
believing. ▪ 眼不见,心不烦out of sight ,
Out of mind.

《红楼梦》的一些例子
(3)中国人重直觉(intuition),英美人重实证( evidence)
(4)中国人重形象思维(figurative thinking),英 美人重逻辑思维(logical thinking)(陈宏薇 、李亚丹:2004:25-32)

Translatability of culture
文化的可译性含有三层意思: (1)译者可以理解作者原作所蕴含的文化信息
▪ Retreat: retirement for a time for relegious meditation (Chambers)

▪ “Your uncle’s observing a fast today,”, said Lady Wang.”you will see him some other time.”

谋事在人,成事在天。
▪ Man proposes, god disposes. (Hawkes)
▪ Man proposes, heaven disposes.(the Yangs)

如何评价归化、异化
▪ 不能简单的说归化比异化好,或异化比归 化好,因为面对不同的读者要求、不同的 文化态势,出版商不同的要求,译者需要 考虑到很多因素。

增释(amplification)
▪ 《红楼梦》第3回林黛玉初见贾母,一家人 设宴同庆,“熙凤拉了黛玉在(贾母)左边 第一张椅子上坐了,黛玉十分推让。”
▪ Xi-feng tried to seat Dai-yu in the left nearer to her grandmother – an honour which she strenuously resisted.
stratum) 4)心理或心智活动层(mental stratum) (刘宓庆,1999:33)

价值和态度差异
(廖七一,2000:276)

汉英思维方式对比
(1)中国人注重伦理(ethics),英美人注重认知 (cognition)
(2)中国人重整体(integrity)、偏重综合性( synthetic)思维,英美人重个体(individuality )、偏重分析性(analytic)思维

Two strategies in dealing with cultural factors in translation
▪ 1 . 异化(foreignization; alienation):以源语文化为中心 ,以源作者为中心,注意点在于 将源语文化传递给译语读者,以 促进文化的交流。缺点:增加译 语读者理解的难度,阅读的速度 、节奏也会受到影响。
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