新东方·北京2008年7月庄重整理：Sketch K＆Tina（思琦＆萌萌）2008年7月28日第一讲一．托福写作的评分系统官方指南按分数档次进行微调评判：一分钟内浏览给分数档次根据闪点+- 1分必须给评分者短时间内最好的印象不能在关键的地方犯恶心的错误关键：各段首句，文章末句及具有强结论的句子恶心：主谓不一致时态问题名词单复数印象极为关键：紧扣题目，紧扣要求二．如何取悦评卷人1 必须有清晰的整体脉络2 必须有自然的段间衔接3 经典的用词用句经典用词用句的锻造：用词：动词核心动词的动词的使用是写作能力的标志e.g,: eat ---consume英语写作表达的美在于用不同的单词表达相同的含义e.g.:show ---display --- demonstrate近义词的积累英语中“好”的词有：Good / okPerfect / glorious / terrific / fantasticSuperb用句：It 作形式主语或形式宾语e.g. : It is easy to learn Englishthere be倒装、虚拟、强调名人名言（不要使用c-e）（千万不要乱编）***said + 直接引用———不用***believed + 自由表述 -----用可用人物: Kant& Nietzsche 只用于道德和爱心之类的话题三．文化差异对应试写作产生的影响1 必须有清晰的结构观点鲜明的开头紧扣主题的结尾由主题句引导的衔接自然的中间段落引导：主题句一定要在该段首句2 必须要有统一的中心3 自然的衔接（衔接为其生命）中文：意合语言英文：形合语言逻辑关系的显性化逻辑关键词衔接方法：1 重复词：概括重复直接重复和齐头重复2 序数词：first…second…3 关联词：并列 and 转折 but让步 although 递进 in addition因果 becausee.g. Because of having rain ,he developed a high fever , and thus has tosleep at home .his absence resulted in the reduction of his pay.4 转折和让步之间的差别让步好于转折 democracy 民主e.g. they are poor---they suffer from povertyThey are hungry---they struggle against starvation------they suffer form poverty ,struggling against starvation左手：遣词造句的上升右手：思维方式的改变e.g: 我们不会把所有秘密告诉其他人we don’t tell others all the secretswe don’t let others know all the secretswe hide some secrets from otherseveryone has privacy四．平时训练写作的方法境界：手中有文章心中有文章出口成章手中无文章心中有文章手中无文章心中无文章妙笔生花《新东方英语中学版》1 阅读 I will think about it 没戏She mothers me 她像母亲一样关心我My sands sneak swiftly 时光飞逝（借喻、拟人、押头韵）2 背诵背单词---坚持背文章---新概念三、四册 TOEFL100句3 看电影阿甘正传 20遍狮子王 20遍Friends 10季 2遍4 观察生活Love is playing every game as if it were the last oneTo the world ,maybe you are just one person ,but to someone who loves you,you are the world.第二讲：官指P217-P221四类题型：1 agree & disagree (观点类)2 A or B (观点类)3 compare and contrast 社会现象阐释类4 persuasive essay 社会现象阐释类观点类文章：There is no consensus among people as to …such an argument : (main idea)Some people 认为认为：Think / believe / consider / argueHold / claim / emphasize /maintianI believeSome people maintian …while others may not agree“我个人认为”From my personal angle aloneAgree with 客观同意 side with 主观偏袒The former / latter point coincides with mineFor one thing …/for another …/what is more …On one hand …/on one other hand…/moreover …Therefore ,I can take it for granted that…Take sth for granted…“不言而喻”总结：From what has been discussed above we may resonably draw a conclusion that …(原因) 喊口号：（结句）1 倒装句 only …can we…e.g. only in this way can we have a bringht future2 虚拟语气 It is high time that + 一般过去“真是到了。

的时候了”3 名人名言 As an old saying goes….另一种开头：For most of the time ,we are always on the arduous journey in seeking ,for the answer of this question .My answer is yes/ no ,simple yet candid.另一种结尾：环境类：The environment should be of the people ,by the people and for the people.环境应该是民治、民有、民享的父母和子女的关系：Love your parents in time ,for we can never reply from paradiseThere is a fault called miss.阐释类文章：1 提纲比较随意2 与前一种文体之间有千丝万缕的联系举 / 说 / 谈 / 论 / 提举例子/说原因/ 谈感受 / 论影响 / 提建议举例子：1 注意举例子词单举：for instanceFor exampleA case in point选举：for example … and …also …even…2 注意逻辑关系词：举例要有顺序说原因：A number of factors contribute /give rise to such a phenomenon .For one thing …/ for another .. / what is more ..Therefore ,all these reasons lead to the phenomenon .论影响：The influence of … has become more obvious at the moment .提建议：There is no immediate solution to such a problem ,but the following suggestion might be helpful. 阐释类文章的万能开头：Because the rapid development of modern society … has been brought into focus recently.记叙性段落写作“记叙事件：1 必须有深刻的中心内涵春游登山Teamwork : together everyoneAchieve moreConquer2 副词的恰当使用UnfortunatelyLeisurely : 怡然自得Suddenly3 必须要有6大要素时间、地点，人物、事件起因、经过、结果4 时态问题：一般采用一般过去式，若有插叙采用过去完成时5 把握详略与中心主题相关则详写，否则略写“曾几何时”：there was a time when we know nothing about the world“现在某时”：there is a time when“有时候、有时候、我会相信一切有尽头”：There are times when I can take it for granted that everything will come to the end “往事如烟”：the past has turn into ash“尘归尘，土归土” : Dust to dust , ash to ash记叙事物：1 抓住事物的本质Air conditioner /love /roommateyou go your way ,and I go mine2 抓住描写的顺序Friendship is a relationship which involves sincerity mutual trust and self-sacrifice 顺序：时间、空间、逻辑记叙人物：1 抓住选材，即选材一定要好103题/staring from failure人物：爱迪生勾践2 要能引起共鸣3 要能说明问题PS : why me ,why choose阐述自己对生命的态度第三讲1 定语从句与同位语从句的差别定语从句对名词起修饰作用同位语从句对名词起解释说明的作用定语从句去掉引导词必缺少一部分同位语是完整的部分易出现同位语的词：Report ,idea , new , belief , fact , dream 即抽象名词易出现同位语重组句子：1 主句：they were not taken seriously2 reports came into London zoo3 a wild tiger had been spotted forty-five miles south of London每天寻找三个长难句拆开，七天后组合（新概念三册、新TOFEL真题阅读）2 句子的拆分联系3 feel obliged to 感到不得不做sth用have to 标志 ----最熟悉的陌生人（用熟悉的英文标注生词）4 “，for ”的使用方法：表达因果关系最经典的方法5 分词做后置定语：把定语从句变为现在分词作后置定语主动---现在分时，被动---过去分时Prove 代替 am ,is ,areA trail of 一串串 a trail of beautiful story6 情诗：（五种让步）无论你去哪里 whenever you go无论你做什么 whatever you do无论你爱的是谁 whoever you love无论你何时归来 whenever you come back无论那时你多老多丑 however old and ugly you are我都会在此等待 I will be right here waiting for you7 a number of = many =a lot ofSb be fully convinced that = be suree.g : 记者们听说孙燕姿要去北京Journalists hear that sun will come to BJThey set out to obtain the new保留作者意图的句子作为主句Hearing that sun will come to BJ, journaliists set out to obtain the newsHearing the news that sun will come to BJ ,journalists set out to obtain it .（同位语）更深层次的应对方法：我的boss 要求我去会客户，我立刻去做1 My boss asked me to visit a customer . I immediately left my office to do that.2 My boss instructed me to visit a customer . I immediately set out to do that .3 Instructed to visit a customer ,I immediately set out to do that .The editor was getting impatientlost his patiencewas running out of his patiencecould not wait a secondFail to:英文中的否定很少.用not ，一般采用1 no + 名词2 nothing3 fail to女人常常被美丽的衣服所吸引e.g.: women are usually attracted by beautiful clothesBeautiful clothes always catch women’s eyesBeautiful clothes fascinate womenBeautiful clothes never fail to fascinate womenSth never fail to fascinate human beings可作为开头Affectionate 柔情似水Passionate 激情的Reasonable 理性的我们对猫的生活不是很了解e.g. :To cat’s life ,we have nothingwe don’t know much about a cat’s lifewe know little about a cat’s lifeLittle do we know about a catA cat’s life to us is a mysteryLearn to = get used to 习惯于We have learned to …Remain suspicious of…对…保持怀疑Never remain suspicious of …坚信Some people never remain suspicious of the point that there is true love in the world（同位）One of the things that fascinate us most about cats is the popular belief that they have nine lives that1 为定语从句 that2 为同位语网络是很重要的People never remain suspicious of that point that the internet never fail to be importantInternet , a way of communication , play an important role in societyPeople without internet are like flowers without sunshine.第四讲1 形式主语 & 形式宾语2 方法：虚拟语气If I am you ,I will stay hereIf I was you ,I would stay hereIf I were you , I would stay hereIf I could have a dinner with him I wouldIf you told me earlier ,I would not do thatIf you had told we earlier ,I would not have done that虚拟语气的词汇：Wishe.g. Mr zhuang wishes his GF were beautygonna = going to wanna = want toa glass of water互文现象The days would all be empty . The nights would seem so long .“白天晚上都那么无聊空虚”The sky is blue and my heart is clam.“天空与我的心一样湛蓝而宁静”I have a dream that one day + 从句我有这样的梦想有朝一日情态动词Must –may—might might 最好I might have been in love before but it never felt this strong“此情可待成追忆，只是当时已惘然”Hold me now , touch me nowTouch 的用法We should read this book and never touch bad book.比较级的用法1 否定 + 比较级 = 最高级No one is more beautiful than you .2 It is more than I could afford3 I love you more than I can say万能句式**will lead a way for us like a guiding star带着职业的敏感去观察生活被动句：1 喧宾夺主2 分 be 得分---寻找谓语动词的过去分词Be –所有时态的变化均体现在be 动词上得--- 得到被动句经典：Love for the sake of being loved is human . Love for the sake of loving is angelic .“因为被爱而去爱是人性的彰显，因为爱所以爱是神性的光辉”倒装句：1 强调2 承上启下3 制造悬念e.g : 任何广告都不使我们感到惊讶The advertisement can not surprise us any moreRarely can the advertisement surprise us any moree.g. A small city does not fascinate people as much as a big city ---hardlye.g:A new factory would contaminate our communitySeldom can a new factory be established without contaminating our community .e.g. We sat on the cliffs by the sea ,watching the sunset.On the cliffs by the sea we sat , watching the sunset .I came to Beijing for the simple reason that I love youSuch is human nature ,that a great many people are often willing to sacrifice higher pay for the…of becoming…Such is love ,that falling in love proves easy but remain in it proves difficult这就是爱相爱容易相处难。