心理咨询师三级基础知识之心理测量和咨询心理学必背（Psychological measurement and counseling psychology of three basic knowledge counselors are necessary）National psychological counselors three test notes 51. The first scholar to initiate a scientific psychological test was Golden, a British biologist and psychologist(F.Galton).In 2 and 1890, Cattell published the psychological test and measurement in the journal Psychology, which was the first psychological test in the psychological literature.3, Binet (A.Binet) and his assistant, Simon (T.Simon), produced the world's first formal psychological test.4, the development of psychological testThe development of the performance testThe development of the group intelligence test: the army alpha and a foundation for the development of intelligence test group test are compiled by Otis on the need for the United States Army officers and soldiers of the selection and distribution of arms.The development trend of an aptitude test: Wechsler series of preschool children, school-age children and adult intelligence scale, the first to abandon training units of measurement, using deviation IQ ratio instead of IQ, the table is dividedinto two parts of speech and operation, not only can calculate the IQ, also can distinguish different aspects of intelligence.The development of the personality test: including personality, temperament, emotion, interpersonal relationship, motivation, interest and attitude measurement. Is the pioneer of Kraepelin, the earliest free association test administered to mental patients5, the definition of psychological test according to certain rules of human behavior with numbers to be determined according to the theory of psychology, the use of certain procedures to human behavior determine a quantitative value.6, psychological test three basic elements:The behavior of samples is conducted to test questions: a personal reaction, just a sample of all possible topics included. The representation of the whole, the validity of the sampling studies, the key lies in the representativeness of the sample, that is, not any part can represent the whole.The standard: refers to the test preparation, implementation, test scores and score interpretation consistency program, it is important to establish a representative norm.Objective: the difficulty of measurement, test scores, implementation, interpretation is objective, and try to minimize the main subjects at the level of. The difficulty level of the test or the whole test must be objective.7, the nature of psychological tests (understanding)The indirect: cannot be measured directly from people's psychological.The relative: there is no absolute standard, there is no absolute zero, the measured results are compared.3: the actual test is objectivity standard.8, psychological test classification (memory)The intelligence test: the general level of intelligence, measurement including: Binet intelligence scale - Simon, Standford - Binet intelligence scale and the Wechsler Adult Intelligence scale.The special ability test: special potential ability to measure individual for their studies, occupation guidance and screening of some special types of personnel used.3 personality test: measuring the person's character, temperament, interest, attitude, character, emotion, motivation, beliefs, or personality in ability of outside part.9, the correct treatment and use of psychological tests must be doneThe test users must have certain qualifications: 1. The main subjects must master the basic knowledge of psychology, and accept psychology training. Participants must undergo rigorous,systematic psychological tests, professional training, and familiarity with test content and scope of application,Psychological counselors should have the following conditions: 1., character 2., self repair and awareness, 3., good at tolerance is 4. others, a strong sense of responsibility, 5. self-knowledgePsychoanalytic theory viewAlpa Porter: zoning, structure, dynamics, development and adaptation to the five points of viewZhong Youbin's psychoanalytic and cognitive therapy in ChinaBehaviorism theory viewPavlov: classical conditioning theoryThorndike: try - wrong theoryWahson: stimulus response mode R = f (S)Tolman intermediate variable B = f (SPHTA)Skinner: operating condition R = f (SA) third variableBandura: social learning theoryWolpe: behavior therapyCognitive psychology point of viewThe process of information processing in the black box is the most importantExistential humanistic psychologyOn the basis of humanistic philosophyFocusing on the establishment of consulting relationshipsOn the premise of unconditional positive attentionTo equality, warmth, sincerity and other technologies as an important meansFor the purpose of stimulating potential and achieving self actualizationRepresentative: Rogers MaslowHuman psychology, Guo NianfengThe motive force of the development of psychology comes from the internal demand of human natureThe principle of consulting treatment is restored from imbalance to relative balanceThe task of psychological consultationKnow your own inner and outer worldCorrect irrational desires and misconceptionsLearn to face reality and deal with realityHelp the caller learn to understand othersHelp those seeking help to become more aware of themselvesHelp those who seek help build reasonable behavior patternsClassification of psychological counselingBy nature: development, psychological counselingHealth psychological consultationRestrictive psychological counselingAccording to the size of consultation: individual counselingGroup CounselingAccording to consultation time: short distance consultation 1~3 weeksMedium range advisory 1~3 monthsLong term consultation for more than 3 monthsAccording to the form of consultation: outpatient, telephone, Internet counselingNational psychological counselors three test Notes 61. A brief history of PsychologyoriginTurn to psychologists for their own psychological problems that appear about one hundred years ago. That is to say, psychology applies to people's practice, only one hundred years of history. Prior to this, human beings did not have psychological problems or psychological barriers in their lives, but only when they had psychological problems, they often turned to priests, priests, wizards, and so on.DevelopmentGalton: the method of measurement is used to study the individual differences of psychological activities, and the method of free association is established.Cattell: founder of the psychology test, published the psychological test and measurement in 1890.Wetma: founder of counseling. In 1896, the children's behavior correction clinic was established.Binet Simon: intelligence measurement for mentally retarded children.Parsons: the rise of career guidance, career guidance.Beals: in 1907, the book published "consciousness of the mind", which contributed to the later psychological health.2, the status quo and Prospect of psychological counseling in ChinaPresent situationPsychological counseling has been professional (social level, social benefits, economic benefits, organizational construction and information ditch, social recognition, 01 years in August, psychological counselors, national occupation standards promulgated).2, there is a gap between the demand for psychological consultation and the consulting power.expectationThe trend of China's psychological and counseling work is becoming stronger and strongerThe universality of social demands and the popularization of work are becoming stronger and strongerProfessionalism will continue to develop, and will be integrated with the Chinese market economy, in the case of social understanding and recognition, its value is more andmore recognized.It will be separated from its adjacent disciplines (especially Psychiatry) with its own diagnostic, operational and basic theoretical concepts, and its independence will be one of the goals for future development.3, about the definition of psychological counselingDefinition of psychological counseling: psychological counseling is the process of psychological counselors to help those who seek help to solve all kinds of psychological problems.In the field of science, the definition of something is, in principle, the essence of that thing in the most general language.4, about psychotherapyThe definition of psychological therapy: psychotherapy is a process for psychotherapists psychology and behavior of the patient's problem".* the similarities and differences between psychological counseling and psychotherapyThe nature of the operation is different: consultation, assistance, coordination, and consultationTreatment - correction - compulsory correction and treatmentby a therapist.Consultants and people build relationships: counseling assistance relationships, namely, equal consultation and mutual assistance.There is no room for negotiation when the treatment is carried out. You're not talking"5. Psychoanalytic theory:Life of Freud (S.Freud, 1856 - 1939)Freud doctrine is extremely influential. General meaning and clinical significance of psychoanalysis.Limitations and influences of PsychoanalysisLimitation: it takes the theoretical hypothesis which has not been proved as the major premise, and draws the conclusion through deductive reasoning. Therefore, it has certain subjectivity.Impact: psychoanalysis focuses on finding the unconscious motivation behind the symptoms to make them conscious. That is to say, through the analysis, the help seeking person realizes the crux of his unconscious, produces the understanding of the conscious level, and transforms the unconscious mental process into the mental process of consciousness.6, behaviorism theory view:Behaviorist theory is very different from psychoanalytic theory. In methodology, it puts forward the brain mechanism of behavior on the basis of rigorous and large amount of scientific experiment results, and then explains the abnormal behavior according to this, and finally puts forward the correction method. Rigorous science is its characteristic. In the attitude of spiritual phenomena, we prefer to avoid and never make subjective conjectures.7, there is humanism viewThere is humanistic psychology in the United States in 1950s rise, it draws its philosophical foundation from phenomenology and existentialism, advocated from the closed sense experience, analysis theory and spirit decided against behaviorism environmental determinism of unconscious motivation. Stir fry as "fourth wave"".8, cognitive psychologyCognitive psychology is a trend in psychology, not a school of thought. It is proved by experiments, the cognitive understanding of regulation of environmental conditions, stimulus intensity, emotional development and behavior way, so in psychological counseling and treatment, can be used to help them solve psychological problems.9, the humanistic point of viewGuo Nianfeng believes that only from the essential attributesof human beings,That is, from the human nature, we can correctly explain the psychological activities, psychological structure, psychological motivation, personality development, pathological changes, clinical psychological diagnosis and correction and so on. Only by grasping human nature can we enter the hall of human beings.10, the object of psychological counselingThe most common and primary object of psychological counseling is the population of healthy people or psychological problems. It is different from the very healthy people and is different from the object of psychotherapy.A list of working objects of psychological counseling and psychotherapy11, the task of psychological counselingBuild new relationships;Understanding internal conflicts;Correct erroneous views;Deepening self understanding of the help seeking;Learn to face real problems;Increase the degree of human freedom;Helping the caller to make new effective behavior.12, classification and form of psychological counseling Content based development consultingHealth consultationIndividual consultation by sizeGroup CounselingAccording to the form of outpatient consultationTelephone consultationInternet consultingGeneral procedures of psychological counseling:The collection of data; the analysis of data Comprehensive evaluation and diagnosisEstablishment of differential diagnosis consultation program Psychological counseling for children and childrenFor children 3 years of age, the greatest threat to mentaldevelopment is insecurity.Children's cerebral cortex function is not perfect, after being frightened, the mood is easy to generalize.Most of the psychological disorders are behavioral disorders:Hyperactivity, excess action, aggression, withdrawal, etcPsychological counseling in adolescenceThe causes of behavior and psychological disorders are not only the bad upbringing of the family, but also the wrong treatment after admission, especially the wrong treatment of teachers. It is very important to arouse interest in study in this periodPsychological counseling in youthThe main problem: maladjustmentMain characteristics: for the sake of being enterprising and in constant anxiety, the personality stability is bad, and pays attention to own appearanceMain reasons: pressure and employment pressure,A feeling, puzzle, relationship, etcPsychological counseling for middle aged peopleMajor problems: anxiety and depressionThe main reason: the burden and pressure from society, family, career and self.Psychological counseling for the elderlyThe major psychological needs of the elderly: 1. health and dependency needs; 2. job demands; 3. quiet needs; 4. respected needsPsychological counseling for love problemsLove is the process of satisfying three basic needs of human beings and experiencing them.Sexual satisfaction, biological needsLove psychological satisfaction, spiritual needsThe attachment of love, the satisfaction of experience, the needs of societyCounseling about marital problemsGrasp the quality of marriage three points: love, understanding, mutual dependenceThe consultation principle of marriage and love1. abide by the laws and ethics related to marriage 2 first judge the nature and degree of emotion 3. analyze and teasepsychological factors 4. change their irrational ways of thinkingPsychological counseling for family problemsBeware of broken families, dead families"Major principles:Make the problem concrete and objectiveTake the point of view of the help seeker as the coreNo decision is made for the caller at any timeStrictly protect the privacy of the callerTry to keep both partners in consultation at the same time。