Prof. C.K. Tse: Basic Circuit
Analysis
18
Star-to-delta conversion
Y (star)
For the Y circuit, we consider summing up all currents into the centre node: I1+I2+I3=0, where
3
Power and energy
Work done in moving a charge dq from A to B having a potential difference of V is
W = V dq
A
dq
B
Power is work done per unit time, i.e.,
Prof. C.K. Tse: Basic Circuit
Analysis
15
Example (something that can be done with series/parallel reduction)
Consider this circuit, which is created deliberately so that you can solve it using series/parallel reduction technique. Find V2. Solution: Resistance seen by the voltage source is
Is there some ad hoc solution?
Prof. C.K. Tse: Basic Circuit
Analysis
17
Equivalence of star and delta
Y (star)
D (delta)
Problems: 1. Given a star circuit, find the delta equivalence. That means,
+ assigned to a higher potential point; and – assigned to a lower potential point.
n NOTE: Direction and polarity are arbitrarily assigned on circuit diagrams. Actual direction and polarity will be governed by the sign of the value.
Prof. C.K. Tse: Basic Circuit
Analysis
8
Kirchhoff’s laws
n Kirchhoff’s current law (KCL)
n The algebraic sum of the currents in all branches which converge to a common node is equal to zero.
Prof. C.K. Tse: Basic Circuit
Analysis
2
Units of measurement
n Voltage: volt (V) n Current: ampere (A)
n NOT Volt, Ampere!!
Prof. C.K. Tse: Basic Circuit
Analysis
Thus,
D (delta)
, and
Prof. C.K. Tse: Basic Circuit
Hence, Current division gives:
Then, using V2=I4R4, we get
Prof. C.K. Tse: Basic Circuit
Analysis
16
Oops!
Series/parallel reduction fails for this bridge circuit!
n These wires converge in NODES n The devices are called BRANCHES of the circuit
Circuit Analysis Problem: To find all currents and voltages in the branches of the circuit when the intensities of the sources are known.
suppose you have all the G’s in the star. Find the G’s in the
delta such that the two circuits are “equivalent” from the
external viewpoint. 2. The reverse problem.
For example, if we use R for the parallel circuit, we get the equivalent resistance as
which is more complex than the formula in terms of G:
G = G1 + G2 + … + Gn
An independent voltage source can never be shorted. An independent current source can never be opened.
Prof. C.K. Tse: Basic Circuit
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Analysis
6
Dependent sources
n Dependent sources — values depend on some other variables
Prof. C.K. Tse: Basic Circuit
Analysis
7
Circuit
n Collection of devices such as sources and resistors in which terminals are connected together by conducting wires.
Analysis
9
Overview of analysis
n Ad hoc methods (not general)
n Series/parallel reduction n Ladder circuit n Voltage/current division n Star-delta conversion
n More general
n Mesh and nodal methods
} Done in Basic Electronics!
n Completely general
n Loop and cutset approach (requires graph theory)
NEW
Prof. C.K. Tse: Basic Circuit
Analysis
10
Series/parallel reduction
n Series circuit— each node is incident to just two branches of the circuit
KVL gives
=
Hence, the equivalent resistance is:
Prof. C.K. Tse: Basic Circuit
Analysis
5
Independent sources
n Voltage sources n Current sources
Independent — stubborn! never change!
Maintains a voltage/current (fixed or varying) which is not affected by any other quantities.
We continue to focus on the remaining subcircuit. Eventually we get
Prof. C.K. Tse: Basic Circuit
Analysis
14
Voltage/current division
For the series circuit, we can find the
voltage across each resistor by the
formula:
For the parallel circuit, we can find the
voltage across each resistor by the
formula:
Note the choice of R and G in the formulae!
Prof. C.K. Tse: Basic Circuit
Analysis
11
Series/parallel reduction
n Parallel circuit— one terminal of
each element is connected to a node of the circuit while other terminals of the elements are connected to another node of the circuit
Prof. C.K. Tse: Basic Circuit
Analysis
4
Direction and polarity
n Current direction indicates the direction of flow of positive charge n Voltage polarity indicates the relative potential between 2 points: