Holz-Mäntarri （行为理论）
• Holz-Mäntarri (1984) • Translational action（行为理论） A communicative process involving: • The initiator(翻译的发起者) • The commissioner(委托人) • The ST producer(原文生产者) • The TT producer(译文生产者） • The TT user(译文使用者) • The TT receiver(译文接受者)
Functional school
___by team three
General description about functionalist school
The school holds that translation is a particular variety of translatonal action based on source text. Any translational action, including translation itself, is an action. Any action has an aim or purpose. The Skopostheorie brought forth by Vermeer is the most important functionalist translation theory.
莱斯根据布勒的的语言功能，把文本类 型分为三种：信息型、表情型、操作型
Text type
Language function
Language dimension
informative
Representing objects and facts logical Contentfocused Transmit referential content Plain prose, explicitation as required
汉斯· 费米尔(Hans Vermeer)
• German • September 1930 - 4 February 2010 • Skopos and Commission in Translational Action Starting to Unask What Translatology Is About .1998
expressive
Expressing sender’s attitude aesthetic
operative
appellative
dialogic
Text focus TT should
Formfocused
Transmit aesthetic form
‘Identifying’ method， adopt perspective of ST author
• The functionalist translation theories cast off the fetters of equivalence theory by using “skopos rule”as an overall principle in translation and placing translation in the frame of action theory and cross-cultural communication theory. In this sense, the functionalist theories broaden the scope of translation theory studying and infuse new meanings into translation.
the prime principle that any translation should observe is “skopos rule”: the skopos (purpose) of any translation is going to fulfill decides the whole translating process .A skopos is essential to translation and it plays a direct and decisive role in what translation strategies a translator will adopt to fulfill his aim in the whole translation process.
翻译理论的发展
德国功能派翻译理论的形成历经四个发 展阶段，主要包括凯瑟林娜· 斯 赖 (Katharina Reiss) 的功能主义翻译批评 理论、汉斯· 费米尔(Hans Vermeer) 的 目的论， 贾斯塔· 赫兹· 曼塔利(Justa Holz - Manttari) 的翻译行为理论和克里 斯蒂安· 诺德(Christiane Nord) 的功能加 忠诚理论。
汉斯· 费米尔(Hans Vermeer)
Skopostheorie includes three principal rules: • the Skopos rule • the coherence rule (intratextual coherence) coherent with the receiver’s own communicative situation and culture • fidelity rule (intertextual coherence) bear some kind of relationship with the source text
lecture
Operating Sermon instructions Electoral Toursim speech brochure advertisemen Official speech Operative
Katharina Reiss
• Works：Translation Criticism-The Potentials and Limitations: Categories and Criteria for Translation Quality Assessment • This is the first English translation of this major work, allowing students and practitioners of translation in the English-speaking world to make more extensive use of Reiss's pioneering treatment of a central theme in translation:
• her work tells us how to develop reliable criteria for the systematic evaluation of translations. Using a wealth of interesting and varied examples, Reiss offers a systematic and illuminating （有启 发性的）text typology, a pragmatic （实际 的)approach to text analysis, a functional perspective on translation and a hermeneutic view of the translator,thus accounting for some of the most important aspects of the translation process: the text (both source and target versions), the conditions which determine the translator's decisions, and the translator as an individual whose personal in critic.
Appelativefocused
Elicit desired response
method
Adaptative, equivalence
informative
Refernce work
Report
-----------------------Biography Play poem expressive
克里斯蒂安· 诺德(Christiane Nord)
• Born in 1943 • Graduated from Heidelberg University in 1967 • Degree: an Honours Degree in Translation Studies – Spanish; English Ph.D. in Romance Studies: University of Heidelberg, 1983 • Member of the Board of Advisors of several scholarly journals, such as The Translator • Text Analysis in Translation .1991 Translating as a Purposeful Acticity .1997
major representatives
瑟林娜· 赖斯(Katharina Reiss) 贾斯塔· 赫兹· 曼塔利(Justa Holz - Manttari) 汉斯· 费米尔(Hans Vermeer)
克里斯蒂安· 诺德(Christiane N ord)
Katharina Reiss （功能主义翻译批评理论）
• Katharina Reiss was born May 29, 1859 in Ulm, Oberkirch, Baden, Germany, and died September 17, 1924 in Renchen, Achern, Baden, Germany. She married August Berger on May 6, 1889 • Functional approach • Classification of texts as: • 'informative‘ • 'expressive‘ • 'operative‘